Approach and Landing Accidents Reducing the Risk

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Approach and Landing AccidentsReducing the Risk

• Presented by
• Bryan W. Neville
• Aviation Safety Inspector

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Risk Awareness

• The key is Understanding

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Types of Accidents

• CFIT
• Mountains/Hills
• Landing Long
• Landing Short
• Landing Hard
• Runway Excursions

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Causal Factors

• 1. Omission of Action or Inappropriate Action
  by the Flight Crew
  
• (1. For Air Carriers Poor Professional
  Judgment)
  
• 2. Lack of Positional Awareness-Horizontal
• 3. Failure to Crosscheck and Coordinate
• 4. Lack of Positional Awareness-Vertical
• 5. Poor Aircraft Handling
• 6. Slowed/Delayed Crew Action

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Risk Awareness

• Flight Crew
• Airport Services and Equipment
• Approach
• Go-around
• Environment
• Aircraft Equipment

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Flight Crew

• Duty Period
• Reduced Alertness
• Fatigue
• Flight Hours
• Sedentary Activity
• Number in Crew
• Single Pilot
• Two Pilot
• Additional Crewmembers

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Crew Briefing

• Single Pilot
• Say it out loud!
• Single Pilot with Passenger(s)
• Two Pilot

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Airport Services and Equipment

• Approach Radar Service
• Minimum Vectoring Altitude
• Tower Service
• Im unfamiliar with the area
• Local Weather Report
• Operating at the Time of Arrival
• AWOS/ASOS/ATIS/Observer
• Familiar/Unfamiliar Airport
• Physical Situation

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Airport Services and Equipment

• Familiar/Unfamiliar Procedures
• Landmarks/Obstruction Avoidance/Noise
• Approach and Runway Lights
• Review AIM
• Approach Slope Guidance
• VASI
• PAPI
• ILS
• Foreign Destination
• Language

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Approach

• Visual Approach
• Day vs. Night
• Nonprecision Approach
• Step-down Fixes
• Circling Procedure
• Runway Change
• No Published STAR

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Go-around

• Go-around
• Terminating an approach to land, for any reason
• Missed Approach
• Termination of an Instrument Approach
• Rejected Landing
• Terminating an approach to land, after the crew
  has made the decision to land
  
• Rejected Landing with Power at Idle
• Balked Landing

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Environment

• Terrain
• Mountainous
• Hilly
• Flat, but Sloping
• Lots of Lights
• Lack of Lights

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Environment

• Visibility Restrictions
• Darkness
• Fog
• Haze
• IMC
• Low Light (No Moon)
• Mist
• Smoke
• Looking into the Sun

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Environment

• Visual Illusions
• Black Hole
• Sloping Terrain
• Wet Runway
• Whiteout/Snow

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Environment

• Wind Conditions
• Crosswind
• Gusts
• Tailwind
• Wind Shear
• Microburst

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Environment

• Runway Conditions
• Ice
• Slush
• Snow
• Water
• Cold Temperature Effects
• True Altitude lower than Indicated Altitude
• Density Altitude
• Turns to Final

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Aircraft Equipment

• GPWS/EGPWS/GCAS/TAWS
• Radio Altimeter
• Always set 200 Feet or Higher
• TCAS
• Wind Shear Warning System
• Altimeter
• Vertical Speed Indicator
• GPS/Moving Maps

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Summary

• Almost all Approach and Landing Accidents are
  Pilot Induced.
  
• Almost all Approach and Landing Accidents are
  Preventable.
  
• Pilots should remember that all flights end with
  the aircraft touching the ground.
  
• How they touch is up to the pilot!

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Any Questions?