Chapter 5 Police in Society: History and Organization

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Chapter 5Police in Society History and
Organization
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History of Police

• Prior to Eighteenth Century
• No regular English police force prior to the
  Norman Conquest
• The Pledge System
• Families banded together for protection
• People raised the hue and cry to warn others of
  trouble and to pursue criminals.
• Tithings were formed (10 families).
• Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred
  supervised by a constable.
• Hundreds banded together to form shires
  supervised by the shire reeve.

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History of Police (cont.)

• The Watch System 13th Century
• More formal than the pledge system.
• Employed watchmen to protect property against
  fire and robbery.
• Justice of the peace established and given
  judicial duties.
• Constables served as assistants to justices of
  the peace.

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History of Police (cont.)

• Private monied police profited because of lack of
  formal police (thief takers).
• Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners
• 1829 Sir Robert Peel, London Metropolitan
  Police Act (MPA) creates the first organized
  police force of over 1,000 men.

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History of Police (cont.)

• Law Enforcement in Colonial America
• County Sheriff was the most important law
  enforcement person.
• Sheriff collected taxes, supervised elections,
  and other matters of business.
• Reacted to citizens complaints and investigated
  crimes
• Paid on a fee system linked to effectiveness

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History of Police (cont.)

• Early Police Agencies
• Boston created first U.S. police dept. in 1838
• Early agencies were corrupt
• Patrolled on foot
• Major responsibility was maintaining order
• Power was almost unchecked
• Uniforms introduced in New York in 1853
• Telegraph police boxes installed in 1867
• Detroit began using bicycles in 1897

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History of Police (cont.)

• Twentieth Century Reform
• Advent of police administrative boards to reduce
  local officials control over police
• Boston police strike of 1919 increased interest
  in police reform
• With onset of the Depression, justice reform
  became less important

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History of Police (cont.)

• The Emergence of Professionalism
• 1893, International Association of Chiefs of
  Police (IACP) was formed
• IACP called for civil service police force
• August Vollmer, most famous police reformer of
  the time
• Instituted university training for young officers
• Helped develop School of Criminology at the
  University of California at Berkeley

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The Modern Era of Policing 1960-2003

• Policing in the 1960s
• Turmoil and crisis characterized this era
• Supreme Court decisions during this time impacted
  police
• Rapidly growing crime rate
• Policing in the 1970s
• Structural changes in police departments
• Increased federal support, LEAA
• Computers
• Women and minorities recruited

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The Modern Era of Policing 1960-2003 (cont.)

• Policing in the 1980s
• Emergence of community policing
• Unions fought for increase in salaries
• State and local budgets cut during Reagan
  Administration
• Policing in the 1990s
• Rodney King case
• Increase in diversity of police forces

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today

• Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• Approximately 30,000 employees
• Jurisdiction over federal laws including all
  statutes not specifically assigned to other
  agencies
• Mission evolves and changes based on world
  conditions
• Current focus on terrorism

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
• Harrison Act of 1914 established federal
  jurisdiction over supply and use of drugs
• Assist local agencies and foreign governments.
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms Explosives
• Originally named the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
  Firearms it was transferred from the Treasury
  Department to the Justice Department in 2003.
• Agencys strategic plan being revised to reflect
  new name and mission.

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• U.S. Marshals
• Nations oldest federal law enforcement agency.
• Wide range of responsibilities
• Judicial security
• Fugitive investigations
• Witness security
• Prisoner services
• Justice prisoner and alien transportation
• Asset forfeiture program
• Internal Revenue Service
• Customs Service
• Secret Service

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• Internal Revenue Service
• Enforces tax laws
• Responsible for the prosecution of Al Capone
• Secret Service
• Originally created to combat counterfeiting.
• Provides protection to president, vice president
  and their family members, presidential
  candidates, and former presidents.

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• State Law Enforcement Agencies
• Created to deal with crime in nonurban areas.
• 1835 Texas Rangers were created as one of first
  state police agencies.
• Jurisdiction ranges from primary responsibility
  to enforce traffic laws to general police powers.
• Provide a wide range of support to other
  agencies.

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• County Law Enforcement Agencies
• County sheriffs role evolved from early English
  shire reeve
• Nearly 3,100 sheriffs offices
• Provide routine patrol, responding to citizen
  calls and investigating crimes
• Duties vary according to size degree of
  development in the county

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Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.)

• Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies
• Range in size from agencies with 40,000 officers
  to departments with only 1 officer.
• Most provide a wide variety of services and
  functions.

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Technology and Law Enforcement

• Information Technology
• National Crime Information Center, 1967
• Data mining
• Imaging systems
• Crime mapping

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Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.)

• Criminal Identification
• Computerized photo lineup
• Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
  (AFIS)
• DNA Testing
• Identification of suspects based on genetic
  material found in hair, blood, other bodily
  fluids
• RFLP
• PCR
• Ethical and practical questions

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Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.)

• Communications technology is now commonplace in
  policing.
• Mobile computer systems
• Portable computers
• Pen computing
• Head-up display terminals

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Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.)

• Future technology
• Genetic algorithms
• Augmented reality
• Automated Biometric Identification System