Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution

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Chapter 5Colonial Society on the Eve of
Revolution
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The Colonial Population

• Increase by immigration and natural increase
• Early English settlers laborers of indentured
  servitude
• Huge population growth caused a shift in the
  balance of power between the colonies and England
  (mother country)
• 1700 300,000 but by 1775 2.5 million
• Average age in 1775 16
• In 1700 England outnumbered the colonies 201, by
  1775 it was only 31.
• Only 4 major cities

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Philadelphia (largest in the 1750s)
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New York City
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Charles Town (Charleston) -- Largest City in the
South
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Boston
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Urban Population Growth1650 - 1775
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Ethnic Groups
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BIRTH DEATH

• Exceptional longevity in New England
• Mortality rates in Chesapeake region markedly
  higher
• More balanced sex ratio
• Medicine and midwives
• Chesapeake Male authority undermined
• Male-dominated New England
• Patriarchal Puritan family

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A Mingling of the Races

• Many people created new societies out of diverse
  ethnic groups including the English, Africans,
  Indians, and French.
• The Scots-Irish had no love for the British
  government. So what? American Revolution.
• 12 future Presidents were of Scots-Irish
  descentAndrew Jackson.
• Out of the 56 signers of the Declaration of
  Independence 18 were non-English and 8 were not
  born in the colonies.
• Which non-English group was the largest?

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Ethnic Racial Composition of American People
1790

• British 49
• African
  19
• German 7
• Scottish 7
• Scots Irish
  5
• Dutch
  3
• Irish
  3
• French
  .4
• Swedes, Jews, Swiss .3

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Products from the 13 Colonies
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Too Many Products

• Leading industry was agriculture
• Navigation Acts in 1651 was passed to guarantee
  that England alone would profit from trade with
  the colonies
• English government tried to inhibit the colonial
  trade to the French West Indies by passing the
  Molasses Act of 1733
• Colonists ignored it and circumvented the law
  with triangular trade

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Triangular Trade

• Review your map from Chapter 4 page 93.

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Middle Passage
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Mercantilism

• Also known as the English Trade System
• Goal Mother country wants to
• Be self-sufficient
• Expand trade to increase gold reserves and become
  rich
• To limit foreign imports and to encourage a
  favorable balance of trade
• A policy in which colonies existed for the
  benefit of the mother country, exchanging raw
  materials for manufactured goods

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Mercantilism How did it work?

• Get raw materials from America
• Make the finished product in England
• Make colonists buy products only from England
• Export more products from England than England
  imports

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What are Enumerated Goods?

• Goods that England needed but didnt have the
  natural resources to produce
• Had to get them from the colonies

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Enumerated Goods

• Sugar
• Tobacco
• Cotton
• Indigo
• Rice

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Too Many Products

• The colonies produced too many products for
  England so they started selling to other
  countries
• The English government turned a blind eye to
  colonies trading outside of England.
• Salutary neglect

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But after the French Indian War

• Changed economic policy.
• From Salutary Neglect
• To strict enforcement with the Navigation Acts of
  1660 and 1663
• All products must be sold through England, no
  direct sales to other countries

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Horsepower and Sailpower

• Roads were poor, transportation was slow
• First Holiday Inns were called taverns
• Considered a cradle of democracy
• Hotbeds of agitation for the Revolutionary
  movement
• Important in crystallizing public opinion
• Places providing amusements
• Taverns served all classes of people

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Dominant Denominations

• Anglican Church Church of England
• Congregational Church (used to be Puritans)
• Presbyterian Church
• Quakers (Society of Friends)
• Jews

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The First Great Awakening

• A series of religious revivals that swept through
  the English colonies spreading evangelistic
  fervor and challenging the control of traditional
  clerics over their congregations.
• The Old Light preachers opposed the
  emotionalism of the revivalists
• New type of ministers upset the old guard
• The New Light preachers delivered intensely
  emotional sermons

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The First Great Awakening

• an outpouring of passionate Christian
  revivalism swept through the 13 colonies
• Jonathan Edwards
• William Tennent
• George Whitefield

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The First Great Awakening

• Challenged patterns of traditional religion
• The individual can choose his religion
• First genuine united movement in the colonies
• Helped to nurture seeds of independence as people
  felt united by a common history and shared
  experiences.

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Results of Great Awakening

• Undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in
  the colonies
• Split colonial churches into several competing
  denominations (Congregationalists, Presbyterians,
  Methodists)
• Led to the founding of Princeton, Brown,
  Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges
• Was the first spontaneous mass movement of the
  American people

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Schools and Colleges

• Education was most zealously promoted in New
  England colonies
• Reading the Bible
• Middle Colonies had some tax-supported schools
• Southern colonies dame schools, tutors for
  wealthy children

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Todays Ivy League

• Harvard
• College of William and Mary
• Yale
• Princeton
• University of Pennsylvania
• Columbia
• Brown
• Rutgers
• Dartmouth

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Deism

• Deists believed in God but rejected organized
  religion
• Morality could be achieved by following reason
  rather than the teachings of the church

Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism
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Deists

• God set the universe in motion and left it to
  natural law without intervening again
• Most famous Deist Ben Franklin

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American
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Franklins Political Cartoon that Impacted History

• First used in
• 1754 to gather
• support for the
• the Albany
• Plan of Union
• Later used
• again for the Revolution

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American
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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Born January 17, 1706
• 15th Child
• Attended school for 2 years
• Apprenticed as a printer
• Fought with his brother
• Left Boston for London

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Stayed for 2 years
• Moved to Philadelphia
• Married Deborah Reed in 1730
• Started the University of Pennsylvania
• Started the first lending library

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Reformed the police department
• Organized the first fire department
• Raised money to build a hospital
• Discovered electricity
• Built the first electric battery

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Invented bifocals
• Created the Franklin Stove
• Improved the post office and become the first
  Postmaster General
• Invented the Glass Harmonica

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Published the Pennsylvania Gazette
• Wrote Poor Richards Almanac
• Publication with many pithy sayings such as
  Honesty is the best policy
• Wrote The Autobiography of Ben Franklin

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Ben Franklin First Civilized American

• Signed the Declaration of Independence
• Signed the Treaty of Paris of 1783
• Signed the U.S. Constitution

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Pioneer Presses

• John Peter Zenger
• Thrown in jail for 9 months because he printed an
  article critical of the Royal Governor of New
  York
• Jury found him innocent
• Newspaper editors allowed some freedom of the
  press
• It pointed the way to open public discussion
• Encouraged editors to be more critical of public
  officials.

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The Great Game of Politics

• Royal colonies 8 colonies had royal governors
• Proprietary Colonies 3 colonies led by people
  (proprietors) appointed by the King
• Charter colonies elected own governors under
  charters

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All colonies were royal colonies by the 1750s
and most governors were appointed by the King by
1775.
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The Structure of Colonial Society

• Gentry Class
• South Plantation Owners
• North Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen, Merchants
• Middle Class
• Yeomen Farmers, Physicians, Tradesmen
• Poor Class
• Indentured servants, Lesser Tradesmen, Poor
  Farmers
• Slaves

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Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists

• The most honored profession was the Christian
  ministry
• Doctors were the least honored why?
• Lawyers great power in colonial America

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Social Structure