Phonetics

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Phonetics

• The study of speech sounds

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Whats the problem here?

• Each, ache, chandelier
• Great, bait, fate, reign
• Laugh, fix, phony

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Dont think in terms of letters

• We will not use letters. We will use the IPA
  symbols.
• We will only speak in terms of sounds.
• Sounds will surrounded by brackets. When we
  talk about TRANSCRIPTION, we are talking about
  the IPA symbols in these brackets.
• For example k the initial sound in coin,
  kick and chemical

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Three ways to define sounds

• 1. Voiced/Voiceless (V/-V) --Vibration in
  your throat
• 2. Places of articulation--Where the sound is
  made in your mouth
• 3. Manners of articulation--How the sound is
  made

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Voiced/Voiceless

• Voiced can feel vibration in your throat
• Ex z, b, v
• Voiceless no vibration
• Ex s, p, f

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Places of Articulation

• Please refer to chart on p. 31

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WHERE?--Bilabials

• Made using both lips
• b, p, m, w

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WHERE?--Dentals

• Made by using your teeth
• T Like words teeth, bath (-V)
• D Like words loathe, bathe (V)

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WHERE?--Labiodentals

• Made using your lips and teeth
• v and f

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WHERE?--Alveolars

• Made by using your tongue and the part of your
  mouth just behind your teeth (the alveolar ridge)
• t, d, s, z, n

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WHERE?--Palatals

• The voiceless sounds are in chip, chocolate tS
  or brush and shoe S
• The voiced sounds are in rouge or pleasure Z or
  judge and George dZ
• The j sounds, pronounced like initial sounds of
  you or yet (be careful because it looks like the
  letter j).

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WHERE?--Velars

• Further back in your mouth is a soft area, called
  the velum.
• k sound as in kid, cough
• g sound as in go, gather, tag
• Also, the ing ? sound in rolling, sung, tongue

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Manner of articulation

• This not where the sound is made, but how the
  sound is made.
• For example, d and z are made in the same
  spot, but how you make them is the difference.

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HOW?--Stops

• Made by stopping your airstream very briefly
• p, b, d, t, k, g

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HOW?--Fricatives

• Made by blocking the airstream and allowing only
  a some air to escape, causing friction
• f, v, s, z, T, D, S, Z
• Three, These, shoe, azure (for last 4 phones)

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HOW?--Affricates

• Almost like a fricativealmost.
• tS and dZ
• Initial sounds of cheap and jeep

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HOW?--Nasals

• Air is briefly blocked then released through the
  nasal cavity
• m, n, N
• Be carefulNASALS are part of the HOW, or MANNER
  of articulation, not the WHERE, or place of
  articulation.

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HOW?--Liquids

• Made by using the tongue
• l and r
• Both are voiced
• What language backgrounds typically have
  difficulty in distinguishing these phones?

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HOW?--Glides

• The tongue moves to make what is almost a vowel
  sound
• w, j, h (h can also be considered as
  being a fricative)
• jyet, yellow

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HOW?--Glottal stop

• Made when vocal cords are (briefly) closed
• Transcribed ?
• In the words uh-oh or uh-uh
• This is also associated with stereotypical
  British-English speakers bottle, butter, etc.

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HOW?--The Flap

• Made with the tongue hitting the alveolar ridge
• As in butter, rider, metal

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Vowels

• Unlike consonants, vowels are made by allowing
  air to flow.
• ALL VOICED!
• Can occur in the front, middle, or back of the
  mouth
• Can also occur in the high, middle, or lower part
  of the mouth

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Say these aloud and try to feel the difference

• Hit
• Heat
• Hat
• Hot
• Hut

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More

• Pool
• Pole
• Pail
• Pile
• Peel
• Pal
• Pill

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Diphthongs

• When vowels and glides (w and j) merge
  together, they create diphthongs.
• ejday
• ajbuy
• Ojboy
• awdoubt
• Our mouths move from one position to another

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Variation

• Obviously, not everyone speaks the in the same
  way.
• Most of that distinction comes in the form of
  vowel variance.
• Can you think of any examples?

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RECAP Three ways to define sounds

• Voiced/Voiceless (V/-V) Whether or not there is
  vibration in your throat
• Places of articulation--Where the sound is made
  in your mouth
• Manners of articulation--How the sound is made
• Give me some examples of each.
• Page 40, 1 through 6, is GREAT practice!

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Lets try it again

• Each, ache, chandelier
• Tough, dough
• Dead, bead
• Meat, great, threat
• Sure, bees, cats
• Peace, cello
• OF COURSEa YOUTUBE video! Yippee!
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJF6QVxJoiKo