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Protestantism

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Title: Protestantism


1
Protestantism
2
History
  • Began as a movement to reform the Roman Catholic
    church in the 16th century
  • The declared aim of the original reformers was to
    restore the Christian faith as it had been at its
    beginning, while keeping what they thought
    valuable from the Roman Catholic tradition.
  • The four main Protestant traditions that emerged
    from the Reformation were
  • Lutheran Known in Europe as Evangelical.

3
  • Calvinist Reformed
  • Anabaptist
  • Anglican
  • Despite the considerable differences among them
    in doctrine and practice , they agreed in
  • Rejecting the authority of the pope / Church
  • Emphasizing instead the authority of the Bible
    and the importance of individual faith.
  • According to recent figures, there are about 345
    million Protestant in the world in more than
    28,000 denominations

4
Luther
  • An Augustinian monk and professor of theology at
    the university of Wittenberg, Germany.
  • The events usually considered the beginning of
    the Reformation is Martin Luthers publication,
    in 1517, of his Ninety-five Theses attacking the
    indiscriminate sale of indulgences to finance the
    construction of Saint Peters Basilica in Rome.
  • Unable to find assurance of salvation in
    traditional Catholic teachings, came to believe
    such assurance was to be found in the doctrine of
    justification by divine grace through faith.

5
  • He thought Catholic theology had obscured
    salvation by faith by giving equal weight to the
    good works.
  • The sale of indulgences was an abuse that
    originated in the mistaken emphasis on works.
  • Luther at first intended only to bring about
    reform within the church, but he met with firm
    opposition.
  • In refusing to recant his views and demanding to
    be proven wrong by Scripture, he denied the
    authority of the church, and was excommunicated.

6
Zwingli
  • A more radical reform movement emerged in Zurich,
    Switzerland, under the leadership of the Swiss
    pastor Huldreich Zwingli
  • Zwinglis biblical studies led him to the
    conclusion that only what was specifically
    authorized by the Scriptures should be retained
    in the church practice and doctrine.
  • Devised a very simple service, and in opposition
    to both Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism, he
    interpreted the Eucharist as a purely symbolic
    ceremony.

7
Calvin
  • The dominant reformer in the generation after
    Luther and Zwingli.
  • A French theologian who settled in Geneva in 1536.
  • Wrote the first systematic exposition of
    Protestant theology, set up a democratic
    Presbyterian church government.
  • John Knox, his disciple introduced Calvinism into
    Scotland, where it became the established
    Presbyterian church.

8
England
  • Calvinism also spread to France, where its
    adherents were known as Huguenots and to Holland.
  • The Anglican church became the established church
    in England when Henry VIII assumed (1534) the
    ecclesiastical authority over the English church.
  • Henrys motive was to annul his marriage to
    Catherine of Aragon rather than to reform church
    doctrine

9
  • He imposed several laws upholding the major
    tenets of medieval Catholicism.
  • Under King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth, the
    Anglican church developed a distinctly Protestant
    creed, nevertheless retained many of the forms of
    Roman Catholicism.

10
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11
Western Atonement
  • There was a man who had two sons. The younger
    said to his father, "Father, give me my share of
    the estate." So the father divided his property
    between them. Not long after that, the younger
    son went off to a distant country, squandered all
    he had in wild living, and ended up feeding pigs
    in order to survive. Eventually he returned to
    his father, saying, "Father, I have sinned
    against heaven and you. I am no longer worthy to
    be called your son. Make me one of your hired
    servants." But his father responded "I cannot
    simply forgive you for what you have done, not
    even so much as to make you one of my hired men.
    You have insulted my honour by your wild living.
    Simply to forgive you would be to trivialize sin
    it would be against the moral order of the entire
    universe. For nothing is less tolerable in the
    order of things than for a son to take away the
    honour due to his father and not make recompense
    for what he takes away.

12
  • Such is the severity of my justice that
    reconciliation will not be made unless the
    penalty is utterly paid. My wrath--my avenging
    justice--must be placated.",
  • "But father, please..." the son began to plead.
  • "No," the father said, "either you must be
    punished or you must pay back, through hard
    labour for as long as you shall live, the honour
    you stole from me."
  • Then the elder brother spoke up. "Father, I will
    pay the debt that he owes and endure your just
    punishment for him. Let me work extra in the
    field on his behalf and thereby placate your
    wrath." And it came to pass that the elder
    brother took on the garb of a servant and
    laboured hard year after year, often long into
    the night, on behalf of his younger brother. And
    finally, when the elder brother died of
    exhaustion, the father's wrath was placated
    against his younger son and they lived happily
    for the remainder of their days.

13
Ransom Theory
  • Essentially, this theory claimed that Adam and
    Eve sold humanity over to the Devil at the time
    of the Fall hence, justice required that God pay
    the Devil a ransom to free us from the Devil's
    clutches. God, however, tricked the Devil into
    accepting Christ's death as a ransom, for the
    Devil did not realize that Christ could not be
    held in the bonds of death. Once the Devil
    accepted Christ's death as a ransom, this theory
    concluded, justice was satisfied and God was able
    to free us from Satan's grip.

14
Debt or Satisfaction theory
  • We have contracted a debt of obligation to God
    because of our sin. God, however, could not
    simply forgive our debt. God's honour and the
    order of the universe, require that either we be
    punished or the debt be paid (satisfied). Since
    we could not pay ourselves, this theory goes, God
    the Son paid our debt for us by being perfectly
    obedient to God the Father, even to the point of
    suffering and dying on the Cross. Once this debt
    was satisfied, God was free to shower us with his
    mercy and thereby free us from sin and reconcile
    us to himself, given that we repent and respond
    to his grace.

15
Moral Exemplar theory
  • Christ's life and death save us by giving us a
    perfect moral example of love, humility, and
    obedience to follow.
  • Jesus' life, death, and Resurrection do not play
    a significantly greater role in our salvation
    than that played by John the Baptist, Socrates,
    Mother Teresa or Budda--each of whom in various
    ways provides a good, though not perfect, moral
    example for us to imitate or to draw inspiration
    from.

16
Penal Theory
  • The Penal theory is actually an updated and
    modified version of the Satisfaction theory
    instead of saying that Christ paid a debt we
    owed, it simply claims instead that Christ took
    the punishment we deserved. According to the
    Penal theory, justice, or the moral order,
    requires that our sin be punished. Christ,
    however, the theory claims, satisfied this demand
    of justice by enduring our punishment for us on
    the Cross, and thus opened the way for God's
    grace in our lives.
  • Though historically the latest major theory to
    arrive on the scene, the Penal theory is probably
    the most widely known and influential
    interpretation of the doctrine of the Atonement
    in Western Christianity.

17
Orthodoxy s Atonement
  • Where Orthodoxy sees chiefly Christ the Victor,
    the late medieval and post-medieval west sees
    chiefly Christ the Victim.
  • While Orthodoxy interprets the Crucifixion
    primarily as an act of triumphant victory over
    the power of evil, the west particularly has
    tended rather to think of the Cross in panel and
    juridical terms, as an act of satisfaction or
    substitution designed to propitiate the wrath of
    an angry Father.

18
  • The early Church Fathers emphasized the Atonement
    as an act of deliverance from death and the
    devil, rather than an act of penal substitution
    to appease or satisfy the just wrath of God the
    Father against mans sin.
  • The early Fathers rejected the idea that Christ's
    Sacrifice was either a deal with Satan, or the
    satisfaction of a demand by the Father that
    Someone be punished to appease His wrath against
    man's sin.
  • Gregory of Nazianzus wrote To Whom was that
    Blood offered that was shed for us, and why was
    It shed? I mean the precious and famous Blood of
    our God and High Priest and Sacrifice. We were
    detained in bondage by the Evil One, sold under
    sin, and receiving pleasure in exchange for
    wickedness.

19
  • Now, since a ransom belongs only to him who holds
    in bondage, I ask to whom was this offered, and
    for what cause? If to the Evil One, fie upon the
    outrage! If the robber receives ransom, not only
    from God, but a ransom which consists of God
    Himself, and has such an illustrious payment for
    his tyranny, a payment for whose sake it would
    have been right for him to have left us alone
    altogether. But if to the Father, I ask first,
    how? For it was not by Him that we were being
    oppressed and next, On what principle did the
    Blood of His Only begotten Son delight the
    Father, Who would not receive even Isaac, when he
    was being offered by his father, but changed the
    sacrifice, putting a ram in the place of the
    human victim Gen. 22? Is it not evident that
    the Father accepts Him, but neither asked for Him
    nor demanded Him but on account of the
    Incarnation, and

20
  • because Humanity must be sanctified by the
    Humanity of God, that He might deliver us
    Himself, and overcome the tyrant, and draw us to
    Himself by the mediation of His Son, Who also
    arranged this to the honour of the Father, Whom
    it is manifest that He obeys in all things.
  • The offering of Christ's pure life was necessary
    for us, not for God. God from eternity has loved
    both those whom He knew would be His friends, and
    those whom He knew would be His enemies (Matt.
    543-48). God does not change, It is humanity
    that needs to change on account of our sin, not
    God. While the logic of satisfaction and
    appeasement implies that God is reconciled to us
    by Christ's death, Scripture clearly teaches that
    the purpose of Christ's death is to reconcile us
    to God by defeating the devil and releasing us
    from bondage to sin and death.

21
Total Depravity (Calvin)
  • Calvin taught that after the Fall, human nature
    became inherently evil
  • Original Sin has made mankind "wholly defiled in
    all the faculties and parts of body and soul" and
    "utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite
    to all good, and wholly inclined to all evil"
    (Westminster Confession, VI.24).
  • "death passed upon all men, for that all have
    sinned," (Rom. 512) that is, are involved in
    original sin, and polluted by its stain. Hence,
    even infants bringing their condemnation with
    them from their mother's womb, suffer not for
    another's, but for their own defect. For although
    they have not yet produced the fruits of their
    own unrighteousness, they have the seed implanted
    in them.

22
Orthodoxy
  • For our nature is not only utterly devoid of
    goodness, but so prolific in all kinds of evil,
    that it can never be idle.
  • Saint Augustine of Hippo wrote The consideration
    we wish most to urge is the truth of the Catholic
    doctrinethat God is the author of all natures...
    From this every one seesthat every nature, as
    far as it is nature, is good since in one and
    the same thing in which I found something to
    praise, and he found something to blame, if the
    good things are taken away, no nature will
    remain but if the disagreeable things are taken
    away, the nature will remain unimpaired... who
    can doubt that the whole of that which is called
    evil is nothing else than corruption?

23
  • ... corruption does harm only as displacing the
    natural condition and so, that corruption is not
    nature, but against nature. And if corruption is
    the only evil to be found anywhere, and if
    corruption is not nature, no nature is evil.
  • Sin, in the Orthodox Patristic understanding, is
    not an essential part of human nature (what man
    is), but is rather a human energy or activity
    (what man does), an abuse of free will, the
    effects of which include corruption of the body,
    soul, and spirit through bondage to death and the
    devil. We are therefore "by nature children of
    wrath" (Eph. 23) not because our nature is
    essentially evil, but because our nature is
    enslaved to corruption.
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