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Cognitive Processes PSY 334

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People can attend to only one message at a time. Broadbent's Filter Theory ... Shadow a message, with digit presented to non-shadowed ear. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cognitive Processes PSY 334


1
Cognitive ProcessesPSY 334
  • Chapter 3 Attention

2
What is Attention?
  • Attention is the allocation of limited processing
    resources.
  • Visual features such as shape, color, texture,
    motion are processed in parallel.
  • Serial bottleneck occurs when it is no longer
    possible to process in parallel.
  • When does it occur early vs late selection
  • How do we select what to attend to?

3
How we Experience Attention
  • Stream of consciousness -- we learn and remember
    what we attend to.
  • Paying attention results in a feeling of mental
    effort.
  • Can be directed internally but also pulled
    (attracted) by external events.
  • Varies with arousal and fatigue.
  • Studied by looking at response competition.

4
Auditory Attention
  • The response competition comes from having two
    ears.
  • Dichotic listening task uses shadowing.
  • Two different messages are presented, one to each
    ear. Subjects are asked to speak what they hear.
  • People can attend to only one message at a time.

5
Broadbents Filter Theory
  • People do not remember the content of the
    unattended ear.
  • Voice or noise, sex, but little else.
  • Broadbents filter theory proposed that filtering
    occurs early in processing based on physical
    characteristics (pitch, ear).
  • Neural evidence supports the ability to select
    one ear to listen to.
  • Cocktail party effect attention switches based
    on content of unattended ear.

6
Treismans Attenuation Theory
  • Treismans attenuation theory subjects
    deemphasize but not filter out the unattended
    message.
  • Meaning switched from one ear to the other.
  • Some subjects switch ears even when told not to,
    following the semantic content.
  • Semantic criteria apply to all messages, filtered
    or not.

7
Late Selection Theory
  • Deutsch Deutschs late selection theory the
    limitation is in the response system, not the
    perception.
  • Both messages are perceived but only one can be
    shadowed at a time.
  • The criterion for selecting what to say can
    change based on ear or meaning.

8
Testing the Theories
  • Dichotic listening task
  • Shadow one message but listen for a target word
    in both ears (tap when heard).
  • Late selection theory predicts no difficulty
    hearing the target in either ear.
  • Attenuation theory predicts less detection in
    non-shadowed ear.
  • 87 detection in shadowed ear
  • 8 detection in non-shadowed ear

9
Echoic Memory
  • Glucksberg Cowen demonstrated that unattended
    information can be kept in an echoic memory
    buffer for brief periods.
  • Shadow a message, with digit presented to
    non-shadowed ear.
  • 25 of time, is asked immediately after
    presentation, reported hearing the digit.
  • 5 of time reported the digit, without cuing
  • Unattended material is lost within 5 seconds.

10
Visual Attention
  • We can choose where to fixate our eyes for
    greatest visual acuity.
  • Other portions of the visual field are
    attenuated.
  • Visual attention need not be located where the
    eyes are fixed.
  • Posner subjects can attend to objects up to 24
    degrees from the fovea.
  • Shift of attention precedes eye movement.

11
Spotlight Metaphor
  • Spotlight can be broad or narrow (degrees of
    visual angle).
  • Broad areas processed less well.
  • A narrow focal point gives optimal processing but
    it takes time to move the focus to other areas of
    the visual field.
  • We move our eyes around a complex visual
    stimulus.
  • Neisser Becklens shadowing task.
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