Chapter 1 Science Skills

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Chapter 1 Science Skills
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1.1 What is science?

• Science a system of knowledge and the methods
  you use to find that knowledge
• Curiosity is the basis of science.
• Science and technology are interdependent.

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Branches of Science
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Big Ideas of Physical Science

• Space and Time
• Matter and Change
• Forces and Motion
• Energy

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1.2 Using a Scientific Approach

• Scientific Method organized plan for gathering,
  organizing, and communicating information

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A Scientific Method

• Making Observations
• Observation info that you obtain through your
  senses
• Inference conclusions drawn based on
  observations
• Develop a question or problem
• Form a Hypothesis
• Hypothesis proposed answer to your question

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• Testing a hypothesis
• Manipulated (independent) variable changed
  intentionally to test hypothesis
• Responding (dependent) variable changes in
  response to manipulated variable
• Controlled variable factors that are kept
  constant to test hypothesis
• Control Group a setup run without manipulated
  variable

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• Drawing Conclusions determining whether or not
  data collected supports hypothesis
• Developing a Theory
• Scientific Theory well-tested explanation for a
  set of observations or experimental results
• Theories are never proved
• Theories may be revised or replaced

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Scientific Laws

• Scientific law a statement that summarizes a
  pattern found in nature
• A law DOES NOT attempt to explain an observed
  pattern in nature

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Scientific Models

• Scientific Models make it easier to understand
  things that might be too difficult to observe
  directly.
• Ex. Atomic models, models of the solar system,
  cell models, etc.

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Safety

• Most important rule Follow your teachers
  instructions and the textbook directions exactly.
  When in doubt, ASK!!!
• See handout of safety rules and procedures.

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1.3 Measurement

• Scientific Notation makes very large or very
  small s easer to work with by expressing a
  value as a number from 1-10 times a power of 10.
• Ex. 300,000,000,000 3x1011
• .00000006 6x10-8

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SI Units of Measurement (Metric)

• Length straight line dist. between two pts. -
  measured in meters (m)
• Mass amt. of matter in an object measured in
  grams (g)
• Volume amt. of space occupied by an object
  measured in liters (L)

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Limits of Measurement

• Precision a gauge of how exact a measurement is
• Accuracy closeness of a measurement to the
  actual value

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Significant Figures

• Sig Figs are the digits in a number that carry
  meaning contributing to its precision.
• A calculation can only be as precise as its
  LEAST precise measurement.

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Sig Fig Rules

• All numbers that are not zeros are always
  significant.
• Any zero between two sig figs is significant.
• Trailing zeros are only significant in the
  decimal portion.

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How many sig figs?

• 50.5
• 26.25
• 10,100
• 500
• 650
• .050
• 1.0250

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1.4 Presenting Scientific Data

• Scientists organize data using data tables and
  graphs.

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Data Tables

• Relate the manipulated and responding variables

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Line Graphs

• Show changes in related variables
• Manipulated (Independent) variable is plotted on
  the x-axis.
• Responding (Dependent) variable is plotted on the
  y-axis.

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Bar Graphs

• Often used to compare a set of measurements,
  amounts, or changes.

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Circle Graphs

• Show how part relates to the whole
• Entire circle represents 100, and slices
  represent percentages that make up the 100