Reconstruction

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Reconstruction

• The period when the U.S. began to rebuild after
  the Civil War, from 1865 to 1876.
• The process used to decide how to treat the
  ex-Confederates in the South.
• The rebuilding of society to achieve equality for
  ex-slaves.

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Reconstructing the South 1865-76
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The Central Questions of Reconstruction

• What rights, if any, would the ex-slaves have?
• Which branch would control the Reconstruction,
  the Executive Branch or the Legislative Branch?
• What would the Southern states have to do to get
  back into the Union?
• How would the ex- Confederate leaders be treated?

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Abraham Lincoln

• His plan for reconstruction called for 10 of the
  population of each Confederate state to swear
  loyalty to the government.
• He hoped for a quick reunification. When asked
  what he would do to the Confederates after the
  war, he replied let em up easy.

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The Gettysburg Address

• that we here highly resolve that these dead
  shall not have died in vain that this nation,
  under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and
  that government of the people, by the people, and
  for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

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Lincolns Second Inaugural

• with malice towards none, with charity for all
  with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
  see the right, let us strive on to finish the
  work we are in to bind up the nations wounds
  to care for him who shall have borne the battle,
  and for his widow, and orphan-to do all which may
  achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace,
  among ourselves, and with all nations.

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John Wilkes Booth

• Most famous actor of his day, he was also a
  Southern sympathizer.
• He had planned to kidnap Lincoln but when the war
  ended he decided to kill the President
• Eventually hunted down and killed in a Virginia
  tobacco barn.

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Sic Semper Tyrannis!
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Andrew Johnson

• Tailors son from Tennessee, he was the only
  Southern Senator to remain loyal to the Union.
• Had been a slaveholder before the war and wanted
  to go easy on the South
• He was stubborn, crude, and had a quick temper.

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Johnsons Plan for Reconstruction

• Johnson pardoned all but the highest
  ex-Confederates.
• Johnson did not believe the government should
  help ex-slaves.
• Johnson kept Lincolns 10 idea, which would
  allow the Confederate states to come back into
  the Union very easily, and without any real
  punishment.

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The Radical Plan

• The radicals in Congress wanted to punish the
  ex-Confederates, and they wanted revenge for
  Lincolns death.
• Congress wanted to have the Federal Government
  provide help for ex-slaves.
• Instead of the 10 plan, Congress demanded that
  each ex-Confederate state write a new
  constitution.
• The Radicals wanted African-Americans to be
  treated as equally as whites.
• Right-Pennsylvania Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, leader
  of the radical Republicans, who said Grind the
  Traitor down. Grind the traitor down into the
  dust!

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Johnson Impeached

• The Radicals finally gained the upperhand in 1868
  when they impeached Johnson over a minor issue.
  Johnson was not convicted, but power had passed
  over to the Congress

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Radical Reconstruction
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Ulysses S. GrantUnconditional Surrender Grant
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Grant the Warrior

• Grant had captured Vicksburg in 1863 and
  eventually defeated Robert E. Lee to win the war.
  He was very popular.
• The Radicals wanted Grant in 1868 because they
  thought they could control him. They were right.
• One of the greatest generals, and worst
  Presidents, in American history. His
  administration is remember mainly for its
  corruption.

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The Black Codes (1865-1868)

• Put in place to make sure there was labor for
  agriculture.
• Blacks had to sign annual contracts for labor. If
  they failed to work, they could lose the entire
  years wages.
• They were not allowed to move from town to town
  without a pass.
• They had to treat whites respectfully.
• Any black who was not employed could have his
  labor auctioned off by a sheriff to the highest
  bidder.
• Virtually a return to slavery

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The Carpetbagger
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The Carpetbagger Myth

• Many Southerners remembered this period as time
  when the carpetbaggers and blacks, backed up by
  Union troops, desecrated and looted their states

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The Truth about Carpetbagger Government
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Nathan Bedford Forrest and the KKK

• One of the best Generals the South had during the
  war.
• He founded the Klan in Pulaski, Tenn., in 1866.
• Later he dropped out when the Klan got too
  violent.

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Night Riders

• Originally the Klan was supposed to take care of
  Confederate orphans and widows.
• They quickly became an instrument of terror,
  forcing blacks into submission.

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The Crisis of 1876

• Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Rutherford B. Hayes
  (Republican) were running for President in 1876
• The election was so close that nobody could agree
  on who had won.
• The Republicans promised the Democrats that if
  they would allow Hayes to become President, the
  Republicans would pull all troops out of the
  South.
• With the Federal troops gone, Democrats once
  again took control of the South for the first
  time in 11 years.

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A return to white supremacy

• With the Army troops gone, there was nobody to
  protect black people.
• Black people were denied their rights in the
  South, especially the right to vote.
• Southerners began to create a system of
  segregation known as Jim Crow.

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White Supremacy
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Washington was beaten with shovels and bricks.
He was castrated, and his ears were cut off. A
tree supported an iron chain that lifted
him above the fire. Wailing, the boy tried to
climb up the skillet Hot- chain. For this, the
men cut off his fingers. This image is from a
postcard, which said on the back, This is the
barbecue we had last night. My picture is to the
left with the cross over it. Your son, Joe.
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Three hundred thousand Yankees is stiff in
Southern dust!We got three hundred thousand
before they conquered us.They died of Southern
fever and Southern steel and shot,I wish they
was three million instead of what we got.I
can't take up my musket and fight 'em now no
more,But I ain't a'gonna love 'em, now that is
sarten sureAnd I don't want no pardon for what
I was and am,I won't be reconstructed, and I do
not care a damn!I won't be reconstructed! I'm
better now than them,And for a carpetbagger, I
do not give a damn.So I'm off for the frontier,
soon as I can go,I'll prepare me a weapon and
start for Mexico.
Oh, I'm a good old Rebel, now that's just what I
am,For this "Fair Land of Freedom" I do not give
a damn!I'm glad I fit against it, I only wish
we'd won,And I don't want no pardon for anything
I done.I hates the Constitution, this Great
Republic, too,I hates the Freedman's Buro in
uniforms of blue,I hates the nasty eagle with
all his brag and fuss,The lying, thieving
Yankees, I hates 'em wuss and wuss!I hates the
Yankee nation and everything they do,I hates the
Declaration of Independence, too,I hates the
"Glorious Union" , 'tis dripping with our
blood,I hates their striped banner, I fit it all
I could.I followed old Marse Robert for four
years, near about,Got wounded in three places,
and starved at P'int LookoutI cotched the
"roomatism" a'campin' in the snow,But I killed a
chance o' Yankees, and I'd like to kill some mo'.
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The Era of Jim Crow
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Plessy v. Ferguson

• In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme
  Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating
  separate but equal accommodations for blacks and
  whites on intrastate railroads was
  constitutional. This decision provided the legal
  foundation to justify many other actions by state
  and local governments to socially separate blacks
  and whites. Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in
  1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.

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Separate but EqualThe U.S. Supreme Court, 1896
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Racism in Advertising
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Racist advertising

• http//www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/mammies/m
  ore/