Chapter 5 Police

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Chapter 5 Police

• Tell me about one encounter you had with a police
  officer, good or bad, passive or active.

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Policing History and Structure

• Chapter 5
• Law

3
Historical Development of the Police

• Bobbies the English police is of special
  significance to students of criminal justice in
  America, for it was upon the British model that
  much of early American policing was based.

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Early law enforcement - Posse

• Until 1200 A.D., when a person committed a crime
  and could be identified, he was pursued by an
  organized posse. The posse was led by the mounted
  officer, comes stabuli. Our modern terms of
  Sheriff or constable are derived from these early
  terms.

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Early law enforcement - Posse

• The offender, once caught, became the victim.
  Guilt was usually assumed and trials were rare.
  Public execution, often involving torture,
  typified this early justice.

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Early police Bow Street Runners

• Bow Street Runners were an early English police
  unit formed under the leadership of Henry
  Fielding, magistrate of the Bow Street region of
  London.

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Bow Street Runners

• The early eighteenth century saw the emergence in
  London of a large criminal organization led by
  Jonathan Wild. Wild ran a group of robbers,
  thieves and burglars.

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Bow Street Runners

• Bow Street Runners, a force of dedicated police
  officers, were organized to handle Wild and his
  men.
• Henry Fielding, a judge in the Bow Street region,
  founded the new police force.

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The New Police

• In 1829, sir Robert Peel formed what many called
  a modern police force.
• Members of the modern police force were dubbed
  Bobbies after their founder. RobertBob.

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Bobbies

• Londons Bobbies were organized around two
  principles
• (1) The belief it was possible to discourage
  crime
• (2) The practice of preventive patrol

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The Early American Experience

• Early American law enforcement efforts were based
  to some degree on the British experience.
• However, the unique experience of the American
  colonies quickly differentiated the needs of
  colonists from those of the masses remaining in
  Europe.
• Recent writers on the history of the American
  police have observed that policing in American
  was originally decentralized and
  geographically dispersed.

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The Frontier

• One of the major factors determining the
  development of American law enforcement was the
  frontier, which remained vast and wild until the
  late nineteenth century. The back woods areas
  proved a natural haven for outlaws and bandits.

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Vigilantism

• Most of the original vigilantes of the American
  West were honest men and women trying to forge an
  organized and predictable lifestyle out of the
  challenging situation of the new frontier.

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Policing Americas early cities

• In 1693, the first uniformed police officer was
  employed by New York city.
• In 1731 the first precinct and station was
  constructed.
• Early 19th century (1800s), many cities hired a
  police force.

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Policing in the Twenty Century

• During the 20th century, telephones, automobiles
  and radios all had their impact. Teddy Roosevelt,
  the 26th president of the U.S. began his career
  by serving as a police commissioner in New York
  from 1895-1897.

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Policing in the Twenty Century

• As president, Roosevelt helped to organize the
  Bureau of Investigation, which later became the
  FBI.
• The FBI became a national investigative service
  designed to quickly identify and apprehend
  offenders charged with a growing list of federal
  offenses.

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Prohibition and Police Corruption

• A dark period for American law enforcement
  agencies began in 1920 with the passage of a
  constitutional prohibition against all forms of
  alcoholic beverages. Until prohibition was
  repealed in 1933, most parts of the country were
  rife with criminal activity, much of it
  supporting the trade in bootlegged liquor.
  Bootleggers earned huge sums of money, and some
  became very wealthy. Massive wealth in the hands
  of law violators greatly increased the potential
  for corruption among police officials, some of
  whom were paid off to support the bootlegging
  operations.

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Prohibition
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American Law Enforcement Today

• Three major legislative and judicial
  jurisdictions exist in the United States
  federal, state and local each has created a
  variety of police agencies to enforce its laws.
• Law enforcement also extends to private security
  firms (for profit firms).

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Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

• There are many federal law enforcement agencies
  distributed in the U.S. government. See page 199.
  According to the Bureau of Justice and
  Statistics, federal law enforcement agencies
  employ over 88,000 full time, weapon carrying,
  officers. Another 72,000 are support staff (no
  guns for support staff).

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FBI

• Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) may be the
  most famous and most exemplary police officers.
• History of FBI established in 1908 to fight
  business corruption. The FBI started out working
  on antitrust violations and bankruptcy fraud and
  to pursue federal fugitives. The bureau grew
  quickly because of the White Slave Traffic Act in
  1910. This necessitated a coordinated interstate
  law enforcement effort to fight organized
  prostitution. This act stopped the importation
  of women from Europe for prostitution in the U.S.
• In the 1920 -1930s the combination of
  Prohibition and organized crime propelled the FBI
  into war with well armed and violent groups.

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FBI

• 1935 FBI dealt with collecting information about
  radical groups within the US, including Communist
  extreme groups. During WWII, the FBI dealt with
  combating the efforts of Nazi and Japanese
  saboteurs. In the 1960s the FBI investigated
  civil rights violations.
• 1990s FBI had to repair a damaged reputation for
  the 1993 failure of the Waco incident. Four
  agents were killed, and 72 people died in the
  Waco fire.
• The FBI crime forensics lab was criticized for
  improper practices as well. The US dept. of
  Justice has identified 3,000 criminal cases that
  may have been affected by flawed procedures and
  flawed testimony by FBI laboratory technicians.

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FBI

• The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the
  investigative arm of the US Department of
  Justice. The FBI's investigative authority can be
  found in Title 28, Section 533 of the US Code.
  Additionally, there are other statutes, such as
  the Congressional Assassination, Kidnapping, and
  Assault Act (Title 18, US Code, Section 351),
  which give the FBI responsibility to investigate
  specific crimes.

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The FBI today

• Their mission statement divides responsibility
  into five functions criminal law enforcement,
  law enforcement services, foreign
  counterintelligence, investigative and
  operational support and direction, control and
  administration.

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FBI Today

• FBI criminal law organized crime, drug, violent
  crimes, and white collar crimes.
• FBI law enforcement provides forensics for
  criminal law, provide training for law
  enforcement outside of the FBI.
• FBI foreign counterintelligence investigates
  and collects information to identify and
  neutralize the activities of foreign powers and
  their agents that adversely affect the US
  national security.
• FBI investigation and operational support - other
  domestic investigations.
• FBI administration training and administration
  support.

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State Law Enforcement

• State Law Enforcement Highway patrol, State
  police, and State university police. (p. 207)
• State law enforcement agencies usually do the
  following
• Assist local law enforcement in criminal
  investigations when asked.
• Operate identification bureaus.
• Maintain a central criminal records repository.
• Patrol the state highways.
• Provide select training for municipal and county
  officers.

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Local Agencies

• The term local police encompasses municipal
  (city) police, sheriff (rural) department and
  other specialty police such as campus police and
  transit police. i.e. Stanford police and BART
  police.

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Local Police

• Every incorporated municipality in the country
  has the authority to create its own police force.
  Some forces are very small with one police
  officer and others are large. New York City
  Police department has 40,000 full time sworn
  officers.
• Sheriff departments are responsible for law
  enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the
  operation of the county jail.

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Private Protective Services

• Private agencies such as Pinkerton provide
  tailored policing funded by the guarded
  organization, whereas police are paid by public
  monies and work for the people as a whole.
• Major reasons for quick growth of private
  security companies include
• an increase in crimes in the workplace
• an increase in fear (real or perceived) of crime
• the fiscal crises of the state which results in
  less police available
• an increase in public and business awareness and
  use of more cost effective private security
  products and services.
• Examples of private security services are bank
  guards, airport security, mall security, hospital
  security, nuclear facility security, money
  transfer security.

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• End of Chapter 5 notes