World War I and the Red Scare

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World War I and the Red Scare
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Research Assignment Grading of the First Draft

• Pass (A) - youve submitted a 3-page paper that
  analyzes images from both phographers
• Fail (F) - no paper, no images analyzed, or no
  comparison of two photographers
• Our comments with also include suggestions for
  revisions and a grade expressing where you are in
  terms of the second draft
• Youll see
• First draft Pass
• Second draft so far C (just some way to suggest
  how many revisions you need to make)

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Pre-War Election of 1912

• Four candidates
• William Taft - incumbent, Republican
• Woodrow Wilson - surprise candidate, Democrat
• Teddy Roosevelt - progressive Bull Moose
  party, best showing ever by 3rd party
• Eugene Debs - socialist, won 6 of the vote -
  the most votes won by a socialist candidate in US
  history
• Stood for different approaches to US politics
• Taft - laissez-faire Gilded Age politics
• Wilson - progressivist, pro-small business and
  competition
• Roosevelt - militant anti-trust politics
• Debs - peaceful overthrow of capitalism

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Pre-War Taft at Wilsons inauguration, 1913
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Pre-War Reasons for US entry into World War I

• War profits U.S. traded heavily with Britain and
  France but complied with a British embargo on
  trading with Germany
• Anglophilia on the part of leaders like Woodrow
  Wilson and also among ordinary Americans (but not
  German or Irish immigrants)
• Security of loans to Europe
• The vision of a liberal democratic world
  order
• Wilson envisioned trade between equal national
  partners just as he envisioned a domestic economy
  made up of small businesses instead of huge
  trusts

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World War I Black Troops in France, 1918
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World War I US Army Intelligence Test Results
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World War I Typical Question on the IQ test

• If you are lost in a forest in the daytime, what
  is the thing to do?
• Hurry to the nearest house you know of
• Look for something to eat
• Use the sun or a compass for a guide
• George Ade is famous as a
• Baseball player
• Comic artist
• Actor
• Author

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World War I The Poster by the Committee on
Public Information
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World War I Some changes made because of the
war with Germany

• Hamburger renamed liberty stake
• Sauerkraut renamed liberty cabbage
• German measles renamed liberty measles
• Wagner and Beethoven performances banned
• German folk songs cut out of childrens books
• Schoolbooks revised to show Germany in a bad
  light
• Jane Addams denounced for her pacifist views
  The force of the majority was so overwhelming
  that it seemed not only impossible to hold ones
  own against it, but at moments absolutely
  unnatural, and one secretly yearned to
  participate in the folly of all mankind.

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World War I Wartime Restriction of Civil
Liberties in US History

• 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts
• Civil War Suspension of Habeas Corpus
• 1917 The Espionage Act
• 1919-1920 The Red Scare

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World War I Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman,
anarchists censored to two years in
penitentiary and fined 10,000 each for opposing
the draft, July 9, 1917
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World War I Supreme Court Free Speech Cases

• Charles Schenk v. United States (1919)
• convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917
• distributed antiwar pamphlets
• conviction upheld
• Oliver Wendell Holmes man shouting in a
  crowded theater, clear and present danger
• Jacob Abrams v. United States (1919)
• convicted under the antiwar pamphlets
• conviction upheld
• Holmes dissented the defendants were deprived
  of their rights under the constitution of the
  United States
• Benjamin Gitlow v New York (1925)
• convicted under the New York Criminal Anarchy
  Law of 1902
• called for the overthrow of U.S. government
• the Court upheld the state law but extended the
  reach of the First amendment
• Holmes dissented government must show the
  clear and immediate danger.

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World War I Cartoon against the Sedition Act,
1920
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Suffrage Men at the National Anti-Suffrace
Association Headquaters
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Suffrage Womens Suffrage Cartoon
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Prohibition Prohibition Cartoon, San Francisco
Chronicle, May 1919
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Prohibition Cartoon Announcing the End of Crime
Due to Prohibition, 1919
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Race Riots Police Rescues a Black Man During
the Chicago Race Riot
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Strike Wave The Seattle General Strike
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Strike Wave Steel Workers Announce the
Walk-Out, October 4, 1919
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Strike Wave US Steel Corporation Poster
Proclaims Victory
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Strike Wave Strike Ballot in Several European
Languages, 1919
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Strike Wave New York World Cartoon about the
Railroad Strike, April 1919
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Red Scare Literary Digest on the Bombing of
Palmers Home, June 1919
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Red Scare Police searches suspects in Palmer
raids
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Red Scare Chicago Tribune Cartoon on Foreign
Radicals, June 1919
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Sacco and Vanzetti Demonstration for Sacco and
Vanzetti, Boston, 1925
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Sacco and Vanzetti The Daily Worker Cartoon,
1927
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Sacco and Vanzetti Funeral after the
executions, Boston, August 1927