Chemistry For Life

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Chemistry For Life

• Matter - occupies space and has mass
• Elements - C,H,O,N,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,K make up
  matter and cant be decomposed by ordinary
  chemical means
• Atoms
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

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location weight charge

• Protons - nucleus 1
  
• Neutrons - nucleus 1
  none
• Electrons - orbit 0
  -

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• Atomic number - number of protons
• Atomic weight - protons neutrons
• Ions - cations ( ions that have lost an
  electron), anions (- ions that have gained an
  electron)

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• Isotope - same atomic number, different atomic
  weight - thus the number of neutrons differs
• Radioisotopes - break down and emit radiation
  that may be of clinical value

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Chemical Bonding
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Covalent - sharing of a pair of electrons
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(No Transcript)
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Ionic - giving and taking electrons
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• Hydrogen - weak attraction between the positive
  part of one polar molecule and the negative part
  of another polar molecule provides stability to
  large molecules

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Atomic Combinations

• Molecules - stable combination of 2 or more
  elements
• Polar - electrons are unequally shared
• Nonpolar - electrons are equally shared
• Compounds - stable combination of 2 or more
  different kind of elements

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Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis - anabolism - building molecules
• Decomposition - catabolism - breaking molecules
  down
• Exchange - buffers
• Reversible - goes in both directions depending on
  the conditions
• Oxy-Redox - leo the lion goes ger

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Factors Influencing Reactions

• Temperature - rises increase speed of reactions
  to a point and vice versa
• Concentration - same as temp.
• Particle size - smaller ones act faster
• Catalysts - speed up reactions

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Energy

• Kinetic energy (being used) and potential energy
  (being stored)
• Chemical - in bonds
• Mechanical - muscles moving body
• Radiant - heat or light
• Electrical - flow of electrons in nerve
  impulses

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Inorganic Compounds

• Lack carbons bonded to hydrogens
• Water - 60-80 of our weight
• Acids - release H ions when dissociating in
  water tastes sour
• Bases - release OH ions when dissociating in
  water tastes bitter

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• pH - a measure of how acidic or basic a
  substance is. It runs from 0, which is most
  acidic, to 14, which is most basic. 7 is
  neutral.
• Buffers - maintain the pH of a particular
  region by forming weaker acids or bases
• Salts - dissociates into cations and anions,
  which are not H or OH ions, when in water

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Organic Compounds

• Compounds containing carbon bonded to hydrogen
  and oxygen

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Carbohydrates

• C, H, O
• Monosaccharides
• Glucose - blood sugar
• Fructose - the sweetest sugar
• Ribose - part of RNA
• Disaccharides
• Lactose - milk sugar

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• Sucrose - table sugar
• Maltose - in beer
• Polysaccharides
• Starch - our most abundant dietary
  carbohydrate
• Glycogen - our stored carbohydrate in our
  muscle and our liver
• Cellulose - a fiber that keeps us regular

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Lipids

• C, H, O
• Fats and oils - glycerol 3 fatty acids, a
  triglyceride SFA, MUFA, PUFA
• Eicosanoids such as prostaglandins which
  influence the cells that produce them
• Phospholipids - build cell membranes
• Sterols - cholesterol, sex hormones
• Vitamins - A, D, E, K

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Protein

• C, H, O, N
• Amino acids - amino, carboxyl, hydrogen and
  radical around a C they bind by peptide bonds to
  make polypeptides
• Enzymes are all proteins they catalyze
  reactions and often require coenzymes (vitamins
  or minerals) work like a lock and key

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Other Organic Compounds

• Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA

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ATP Structure
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• ATP - the energy compound
• Cyclic AMP - involved in hormone and
  neurotransmitter action