Classification of Living Things

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Classification of Living Things

• Aristotle separated living things into 2 groups
• 1. Plant
• Herbs (soft stem)
• Shrubs (several woody stems)
• Trees (one large woody stem)
• 2. Animal
• Air-dwellers
• Land-dwellers
• Water-dwellers

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Taxonomy

• Is the science of classifying organisms.
• Our modern classification system was developed by
  a Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus. His system
  was based on 2 things
• 1. An organisms physical features.
• 2. An organisms structural features.
• He developed a system of assigning names to
  organisms called Binomial nomenclature.

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Binomial nomenclature
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Genus and Species

• Organisms in the same Genus are structurally
  similar
• The genus name always begins in Upper case
• Organisms in the same species are so similar that
  they can interbreed under normal circumstance to
  produce fertile offspring.
• The species name always begins in lower case

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Scientific Names

• Linnaeus chose latin for his naming system
• The scientific name must be underlined or written
  in italics
• Ex Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
• The name can be abbreviated to H.sapiens or
  H.sapiens

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Scientific Names

• Each word chosen by Linnaeus had something to do
  with the organism
• Ex. Ursus horribilis
• Castor canadensis

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Scientific Names

• Canis familiaris domestic dog
• Canis lupus gray wolf
• Canis latrans eastern coyote
• All 3 organisms belong to the same genus, but
  different species.

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Scientific Names

• Equus Caballus - horse
• Equus asinus donkey
• When a donkey and a horse reproduce, their
  offspring is a mule, which is sterile.

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The 7 Taxa

• Taxa are categories used to further
• classify organisms.
• Each category by itself is called a Taxon.
• Kingdom King Kindly
• Phylum Phillip Professors
• Class Came Can not
• Order Over Often
• Family For Fail
• Genus Ginger Good
• Species Snaps Students

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K-P-C-O-F-G-S
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Classifying Humans

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens
• The Genus Species name gives us our
• scientific name Homo sapiens

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6 Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Evolution of the 6 Kingdom System
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Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular (many specialized cells)
• Eukaryotic
• Motile (one exception)
• Heterotrophs
• Reproduce sexually

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicelluar
• Eukaryotic
• Sessile
• Autotrophic
• Reproduce sexually

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Sessile
• Heterotrophs (either decomposers or parasites)
• Reproduce sexually and asexually

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Kingdom Protista

• Unicellular or Colonial (many identical cells)
• Eukaryotic
• Motile and sessile
• Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
• Reproduce asexually

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(Monera)Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Motile
• Autotrophs and Heterotroph
• Asexual
• Can live in extreme environments (anaerobic)
• Thought to be most like the organisms that
  existed 3.5 billion years ago. (Ancient bacteria)

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(Monera)Kingdom Eubacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Motile
• Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
• Asexual
• New bacteria E.coli

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DOMAINS

• Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain Eukarya All of the other Kingdoms
  (AnimaliaPlantaeProtistaFungi)

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Classification Keys

• Device created by taxonomists to help name a
  discovered organism.
• Consists of several statements, each with 2 parts
  (dichotomous2)
• Only one part in each statement can be true for
  an organism.
• The key directs you to another step until you can
  identify the organism by scientific name.

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Creating a Classification Key

• Take a collection of organisms and chose a
  characteristic that divides them dichotomously
• Indicate where each part of the key will take you
  next.
• When you are down to one organism, you name it!
• Lets use our class as an example.

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Classification Key for Bio 112

• 1.a) go to 2
• b) go to 3
• 2.a) go to 4
• b) go to 5
• 3.a) go to 6
• b) go to 7
  

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Try this one.
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Another key
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Classification Key for the Creatures

• 1. a) Antennae go to 2
• b) No Antennae go to 3
• 2. a) Spots Creaturius spotius
• b) No spots.. Creaturius plainius
• 3. a) Ears go to 4
• b) No ears Creaturius noearius
• 4. a) Spots Creaturius druntius
• b) No spots Creaturius rutuius

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Criteria used by Modern Taxonomists to show
connections

• Structural similarities and differences
• Similarities in Biochemistry (protein
  structure/DNA structure)
• Comparison of Embryological development

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Homologous vs Analogous

• Homologous structures structures that have
  composition, but different function.

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Homologous vs Analogous

• Analogous structures two structures that have
  the same function, but not the same composition.

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Which show more evolutionary connection?

• Homologous??
• Analogous??
• Taxonomists believe that homologous structure
  show more evolutionary connection

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Embryological Development
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Phylogeny

• - evolutionary history of an organism
• A) Phylogenic trees

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Phylogeny

• B) Cladogram

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So who are we closely related to?
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What are characteristics of Life??

• Made of cells
• Able to reproduce
• Can move
• Require food
• Eliminate waste
• Show signs of metabolism

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Viruses Living or non-living?

• Viruses show no signs of being alive
• They are a collection of protein and nucleic
  acids.
• Viruses

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T4 Virus Bacteriophage

• T4 virus is a virus that attacks a bacteria cell
• The tail fibers of the virus must match the cell
  receptors of the bacteria cell.
• The virus injects its viral DNA into the host
  cell
• The viral DNA takes the cell hostage and demands
  that the host cell does 2 things
• 1. Replicate viral DNA
• 2. Produce Viral protein
• The viral particles assemble in the host cell
• The host cell bursts (Lysis) and releases the new
  viruses
• Viral Infection
• Lytic Virus

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Lytic Viruses

• Infect and Affect quickly
• Ex cold virus/flu virus
• Herpes Virus

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Lysogenic Virus

• Infects but doesnt Affect quickly.
• Viral DNA attaches to the host cells DNA.
• When the infected cell divides, each daughter
  cell is infected as well.
• Eventually the virus kicks into the Lytic cycle
  and the host is destroyed.
• Incubation Period time between the virus
  infecting and the host cell being affected
• Ex HIV incubation period 6 mo. to 10yrs

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Lysogenic Virus
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How small are viruses?

• How big are viruses?
• Prions mutant strands of protein that can cause
  infections
• Ex. Mad cow disease
• Viroids mutant chunks of DNA (RNA) that can
  cause infections
• Ex. some plant infections

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Bacteria

• Kingdom Archaebacteria simplest
• Kingdom Eubacteria more complex
• Characteristics
• Unicellular/Colonial
• Prokaryotic
• Anaerobic(-O2)/Aerobic (O2)
• Some are Pathogenic disease causing)
• Some are very helpful
• Ex. E.Coli in our intestines help us digest our
  food
• Bacteria is used to make dairy products like
  yogurt and cheese

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Bacteria
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Shapes of Bacteria

• There are 3 shapes
• 1. Coccus spherical
• 2. Bacillus rod shaped
• 3. Spirillum spiral shaped

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Bacterial colonies

• Diplo 2 bacteria connected
• Strepto a string or filament of bacteria
• Staphylo a cluster of bacteria
• What would Streptococcus bacteria look like?

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Streptococcus
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What would these look like?

• Staphylobacillus
• Diplospirillum
• Stapylococcus

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How do antibiotics work?

• Some interfere with the protein production in the
  bacteria
• Some break holes in the cell wall
• Bacteriologists test the cell wall of bacteria to
  determine what antibiaotic will work best
• Gram positive stain purple
• Gram negative stain pink
• Antibiotic Resistance