200506 National Family Health Survey NFHS3

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2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3)

• Marriage and Fertility

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• Levels, trends differentials
• Determinants of fertility
• Fertility preferences and ideal family size

(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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2.7

• At current fertility levels, a woman in India
  will have an average of 2.7 children during her
  lifetime
• Urban women have attained replacement fertility
  but rural women have on an average 0.9 children
  more than urban women.

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Trends in Fertility by Residence
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Fertility Differentials and Trend by Caste and
Religion
Muslim fertility is decreasing faster than Hindu
fertility thus, Hindu-Muslim fertility
differentials are narrowing. Fertility of ST and
OBC women has remained unchanged.
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Just a Few Years of Education Leads to
Substantial Reduction in Fertility

• TFR of women with
• No education 3.6
• lt 5 years of education 2.5
• 12 years of education 1.8
• TFR of women from
• Lowest wealth quintile - 3.9
• Second lowest wealth quintile 3.2
• Highest wealth quintile 1.8

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Total Fertility Rates for States
INDIA
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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States Classified by Level of TFR
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Fertility Decline in High Fertility States
Between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 in most of the states
fertility declined.
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• Levels, trends differentials
• Determinants of fertility
• Fertility preferences and ideal family size

(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Though, fertility in the 15-19 age group is
decreasing, still, a substantial proportion of
teenagers have begun childbearing.

• 12 of women 15-19 are already mothers
• 4 of women 15-19 are pregnant with their first
  child
• In total, 16 women 15-19 have begun
  childbearing

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Teenage Fertility by Age
Percent who are pregnant or already mothers
Age
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Teenage Fertility by State
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Age at Marriage
Percentage of women age 20-24 married by age 18
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Initiation of Childbearing

• Median age at first birth for women age 25-49
• 19.8 (Total)
• 20.9 (Urban)
• 19.3 (Rural)

Median age at first birth increased by half a
year from 19.3 in NFHS-2
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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State-Level Variation in Early Marriage of Women
and Teenage Fertility
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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In most states, the proportion of women marrying
by age 18 is decreasing and median age at first
birth is increasing, but in a few states, the
reverse is happening.

• Since NFHS-2,
• In Arunachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, Sikkim,
  Tripura and West Bengal, the percentage of women
  age 20-24 married by age 18 has increased and
• In Arunachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, and West
  Bengal, the median age at first birth has
  decreased

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Birth intervals

• In addition to their impact on fertility, birth
  intervals may also affect the health of mothers
  and their children
• Birth intervals are also strongly associated
  with child mortality
• Children born too close to a previous birth
  are at increased risk of health problems and of
  dying at an early age

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Length of Birth Intervals
61 of non-first births occur less than 36
months after the preceding birth
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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• Levels, trends differentials
• Determinants of fertility
• Fertility preferences and ideal family size

(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Ideal Family Size and Composition
2.9
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.5
All persons
Ever-married women
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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In the Majority of States, Ideal Family Size is
Below 2.5

• Ideal family size of women and men
• 2.5 to 2.9
• Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
  Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh
  Manipur
• Ideal family size of women and men 3.0- 3.9
• Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland

NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Two-Child Family is Becoming a Norm
Proportion of currently married women and men
who want no more children
Number of living children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Son Preference among Women and Men
Proportion of currently married women and men
having 2 living children and wanting no more
children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Son Preference Level and Trend
Proportion of currently married women having 2
living children and wanting no more children
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Son Preference by State

• In states with replacement and below
  replacement-level fertility, son preference is
  low, but exceptions are Punjab and Maharashtra
• In states with TFR between 2.1 and 3 son
  preference is lower, but exceptions are Haryana,
  Uttaranchal, Jammu Kashmir, Orissa,
  Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal

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Desire for No More Children by Number of Children
(Below Replacement Fertility states)
Proportion of currently married women having 2
living children and wanting no more children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Desire for No More Children by Number of Children
(Below Replacement Fertility states)
Proportion of currently married women having 2
living children and want no more children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Desire for No More Children by Number of Children
(States with 2.1lt TFR lt3.0)
Proportion of currently married women having 2
living children and wanting no more children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Desire for No More Children by Number of Children
(States with TFR gt3)
Proportion of currently married women having 2
living children and want no more children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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Wanted and Actual Fertility Rates
TFR
TFR
2.7
2.1
3.0
If unwanted fertility is averted, TFR will reach
replacement level
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Key Findings

• The Indian woman, on average, bears 2.7 children
  in her lifetime
• Urban India has reached replacement-level
  fertility
• Ten states, comprising 35 of Indias population,
  have already reached replacement-level fertility
  6 more states with 20 population are nearing
  replacement-level fertility
• Early initiation of childbearing and shorter
  spacing of births are matters of concern

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Key Findings, contd.

• For most couples, a two-child family is the norm
• Son preference, though reducing, still persists
• Unwanted fertility forms a sizeable part of
  actual fertility and averting that is the best
  way to achieve replacement fertility

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• Thank You

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