Using and Citing Sources

1
Using and Citing Sources

• How to Avoid Plagiarism

Lisa Donohoe Project Manager English Language and
Nonproliferation Program James Martin Center for
Nonproliferation Studies
Fall 2007 CIF Workshop
2
The Contradictions of Research Writing
But

• Write something new and original
• Improve upon, or disagree with experts and
  authorities
• Use your own words, your own voice
• Make your own significant contribution

• Show you have done your research
• Appeal to experts and authorities
• Improve your English by mimicking what you hear
  and read
• Give credit where credit is due

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
3
What is Research?

• Aurora Research Institute
• an endeavour to study or obtain knowledge
  through the use of a systematic approach with the
  intent of clarification. This includes activities
  which attempt to discover new facts, information,
  or new applications of existing knowledge.
• The Centre for Research in Art and Design
• accessible a public activity, open to scrutiny
  by peers
• transparent clear in its structure, process and
  outcomes
• transferable useful beyond the specific
  research project, applicable in principles (if
  not specifics) to other researchers and research
  contexts.

4
Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• Secondary
• analysis of the work
• review of a particular genre
• article or essay about the work
• biography of the author
• print or electronic reference sources
• textbook

• Primary
• an original work
• poem
• short story
• art work
• video
• research paper
• journal article
• book

5
Using Existing Knowledge

• Use your own words, your own voice, your own
  ideas
• AND/OR
• Paraphrase or quote, and cite
• Paraphrase restate information, giving the
  meaning in another form
• Quote to repeat wording exactly using quotes
  ()
• Cite to give credit to original author of
  material to provide full source information of
  original material (author, title, publisher,
  date, etc.)

6
What is Plagiarism? (1)
Deliberate Plagiarism
Probably Accidental Plagiarism
Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper
Using the source too closely when paraphrasing
Building on someones ideas without citation
Hiring someone to write your paper
Copying from another source without
citing (deliberate or accidental)
Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
7
What is Plagiarism (2)

• Plagiarism is representing someone else's work as
  your own. It's plagiarism whether you use
• a whole document
• a paragraph
• a single sentence
• a distinctive phrase
• a specialized term
• specific data
• a graphic element of any kind

Source http//www.english.vt.edu/IDLE/plagiarism
/plagiarism2.html
8
What is Plagiarism? (3)

• using an idea developed by another as if it
  were your own. If you use any work created by
  someone else as your own without acknowledging
  the creator, and if you hand in the work with
  your name on it, thus implying that it is your
  work, then you commit plagiarism.

Source http//www.english.vt.edu/IDLE/plagiarism
/plagiarism2.html
9
You Need To Cite When You

• Use or refer to someone elses words or ideas
• Gain information through interviewing another
  person
• Copy the exact words or a unique phrase
• Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts,
  pictures, videos, music
• Use other peoples ideas (printed, or through
  conversations or email)

Source http//www.english.vt.edu/IDLE/plagiarism
/plagiarism2.html
10
You Dont Need to Cite When You

• Write from your own experiences, observations,
  insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject
• Use common knowledge--shared information in
  your field of study
• Compile generally accepted facts
• Write up your own experimental results

Source http//www.english.vt.edu/IDLE/plagiarism
/plagiarism2.html
11
What is Common Knowledge

• The same information uncited in at least five
  other sources
• Information that your readers will already know
• Information a person could easily find with
  general reference sources (encyclopedia)
• General information NOT quoted directly

Source http//www.english.vt.edu/IDLE/plagiarism
/plagiarism2.html
12
2. Conversion Because uranium needs to be in the
form of a gas before it can be enriched, the U308
is converted into the gas uranium hexafluoride
(UF6) at a conversion plant in Europe, Russia or
North America. 3. Enrichment The vast majority
of all nuclear power reactors in operation and
under construction require 'enriched' uranium
fuel in which the proportion of the U-235 isotope
has been raised from the natural level of 0.7 to
about 3.5 or slightly more. 4. Fuel Fabrication
Enriched UF6 is transported to a fuel fabrication
plant where it is converted to uranium dioxide
(UO2) powder and pressed into small pellets.
These pellets are inserted into thin tubes,
usually of a zirconium alloy (zircalloy) or
stainless steel, to form fuel rods.

• Mining and milling Uranium is usually mined by
  either surface (open cut) or underground mining
  techniques, depending on the depth at which the
  ore body is found. In Australia the Ranger mine
  in the Northern Territory is open cut, while
  Olympic Dam in South Australia is an underground
  mine (which also produces copper, with some gold
  and silver).

13
To cite or not to cite?

Hamlet is the source for To be or not to be.
Fact/Common Knowledge
Quote

Shakespeares characters range from noble to
violent and disgusting, confused to utterly
certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to
aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.

Pinter, Harold. A note on Shakespeare. Granta
59, p. 251
Source http//www.lib.uconn.edu/sroseman/SRliais
on.html
14
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with the sequence of
ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern
of thought
Use your own words when you paraphrase, dont
just move things around
Source http//www.lib.uconn.edu/sroseman/SRliais
on.html
15
Example Original

• "People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print. Since most people do not write books or
  articles that get printed, there is perhaps a
  natural tendency to regard printed words with
  wonder or admiration and to forget that they
  carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or
  stupid things can be printed as easily as
  anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker,
  Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY
  Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)

Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech
http//ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
16
Example Original

• "People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print. Since most people do not write books or
  articles that get printed, there is perhaps a
  natural tendency to regard printed words with
  wonder or admiration and to forget that they
  carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or
  stupid things can be printed as easily as
  anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker,
  Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY
  Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)

Note quotes and proper citation.
17
Plagiarized Paraphrase

• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration. Since
  there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can
  be printed as easily as anything else, but people
  do not realize that.

Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech
http//ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
18
Plagiarized Paraphrase

• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration. Since
  there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can
  be printed as easily as anything else, but people
  do not realize that.

Stop for discussion Why is this plagiarism?
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech
http//ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
19
Plagiarized Paraphrase

• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration. Since
  there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can
  be printed as easily as anything else, but people
  do not realize that.

Even with a citation, this is plagiarism.
20
Sentence 1

• People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print.
• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration.

21
Sentence 1
Same wording.

• People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print.
• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration.

22
Sentence 1
Slight change of order
Same wording.

• People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print.
• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration.

23
Sentence 1
Slight change of order
Same wording.

• People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print.
• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration.

Word substitution too close
24
Sentence 1
Slight change of order
Same wording.

• People sometimes regard the written word with
  special reverence, even going so far as to
  believe that something must be true if it occurs
  in print.
• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration.

Word substitution too close
Same order of information
25
Sentence 2

• Since most people do not write books or articles
  that get printed, there is perhaps a natural
  tendency to regard printed words with wonder or
  admiration and to forget that they carry no
  guarantee of truth or quality.
• Since there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality.

26
Sentence 2
A change from negative construction to positive
construction is not enough

• Since most people do not write books or articles
  that get printed, there is perhaps a natural
  tendency to regard printed words with wonder or
  admiration and to forget that they carry no
  guarantee of truth or quality.
• Since there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality.

Word substitution too close.
27
Sentence 3

• False or stupid things can be printed as easily
  as anything else, and often are.
• In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as
  easily as anything else, but people do not
  realize that.

28
How would you paraphrase this?

• Ronald Langacker pointed out (197360) that
  people sometimes have faith in the written word
  for this reason, they go so far as to believe
  that if something occurs in print, it must be
  true and they regard it with admiration. Since
  there are a few people who write books and
  articles that get printed, most people have a
  tendency to regard printed words with reverence
  and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth
  or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can
  be printed as easily as anything else, but people
  do not realize that.

Stop to work with a partner.
29
Acceptable Paraphrase

• According to Langacker (197360), owing to a lack
  of experience in publishing, many people have
  such high regard for printed material that they
  automatically believe what they read. However,
  the form in which an idea is presented, whether
  in print or not, does not determine its validity.
  Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers
  who...

Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech
http//ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
30
Acceptable Paraphrase

• According to Langacker (197360), owing to a lack
  of experience in publishing, many people have
  such high regard for printed material that they
  automatically believe what they read. However,
  the form in which an idea is presented, whether
  in print or not, does not determine its validity.
  Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers
  who...

Citation is still required.
31
When Researching, Notetaking, and Interviewing
Writing Process
Appearance on final product

• Mark everything that is someone elses words with
  a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marks
• Indicate in your notes which ideas are taken from
  sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)
• Record all of the relevant documentation
  information in your notes

• Proofread and check with your notes (or
  photocopies of sources) to make sure that
  anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in
  some combination of the ways
• In-text citation, footnotes, bibliography,
  quotation marks, indirect quotations

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
32
When Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Writing Process
Appearance on final product

• Begin your summary with a statement giving credit
  to the source According to Jonathan Kozol, ...
• Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot
  change, or do not want to change, in quotation
  marks
• "savage inequalities" exist throughout our
  educational system.1

• First, write your paraphrase and summary without
  looking at the original text, so you rely only on
  your memory.
• Next, check your version with the original for
  content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
33
When Quoting Directly
Writing Process
Appearance on final product

• Keep the persons name near the quote in your
  notes, and in your paper
• Select those direct quotes that make the most
  impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes
  may lessen your credibility and interfere with
  your style

• Put quotation marks around the text that you are
  quoting
• Optional with quotes Mention the persons name
  before or after the quote
• Indicate added phrases in brackets ( ) and
  omitted text with ellipses (. . .)

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
34
Brackets

• Original Quote
• More than 130 of them in dozens of countries
  still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no
  more security than a night watchman and a
  chain-link fence.
• Altered Quote
• According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony
  Wier, More than 130 research reactors in
  dozens of countries still operate with HEU fuel,
  and many have no more security than a night
  watchman and a chain-link fence.1
• Footnote
• 1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, Controlling
  Nuclear Warheads and Materials A Report Card and
  Action Plan (Washington, D.C. Nuclear Threat
  Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
  Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.

35
Ellipses

• Original Quote
• More than 130 of them in dozens of countries
  still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no
  more security than a night watchman and a
  chain-link fence.
• Altered Quote
• According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony
  Wier, More than 130 research reactorsstill
  operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more
  security than a night watchman and a chain-link
  fence.1
• Footnote
• 1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, Controlling
  Nuclear Warheads and Materials A Report Card and
  Action Plan (Washington, D.C. Nuclear Threat
  Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
  Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.

36
When Quoting Indirectly
Writing Process
Appearance on final product

• Mention the persons name either at the beginning
  of the information, or in the middle, or at that
  end
• Double check to make sure that your words and
  sentence structures are different than the
  original text

• Keep the persons name near the text in your
  notes, and in your paper
• Rewrite the key ideas using different words and
  sentence structures than the original text

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_plagiar.html
37
Ellipses

• Original Quote
• More than 130 of them in dozens of countries
  still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no
  more security than a night watchman and a
  chain-link fence.
• Indirect Quote
• Researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier found
  that more than 130 research reactors operate with
  weapons-grade fuel, and many have inadequate
  security, such as only a night watchman and a
  chain-link fence.1
• Footnote
• 1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, Controlling
  Nuclear Warheads and Materials A Report Card and
  Action Plan (Washington, D.C. Nuclear Threat
  Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
  Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.

38
How to Cite

• Footnote
• Use automatic footnoting in Word
• Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or
  end of document
• According to Langacker,1
• In-Text Citation
• According to Langacker (1973)
• With an indirect quote, dont need page number
• and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)
• With a direct quote, cite page number

1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure,
2nd ed., NY Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich,
1973, p. 60
39
Citing a Photo in a Presentation
Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant
Nodong Missile Spacewar.com
Atomicarchive.com
On last page of presentation, provide full
citations according to regular citation
guidelines.
40
Complete Citation Information

• Many styles, but information must include
• Author
• Title of work
• Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)
• Name of publication
• Date of work, date of publication
• Page number
• For book Name of publisher, City of publication

41
Examples Book

• Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR (Berkeley
  University of California Press, 1991), p. 208.
• Name of book in italics
• Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1991
  (New York W.W. Norton, 1991), Table 6-1, p. 96.

42
Article in a Journal

• Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Nuclear Learning and
  US-Soviet Security Regimes, International
  Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.
• Name of journal in italics
• Title of article in quotes
• Ivan T. Boskov, Russian Foreign Policy
  Motivations, MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)

43
Article in a Journal

• Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Nuclear Learning and
  US-Soviet Security Regimes, International
  Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.
• Name of journal in italics
• Title of article in quotes
• Ivan T. Boskov, Russian Foreign Policy
  Motivations, MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)

Volume number
Issue number
44
Newspaper Magazine Articles

• Felicity Barringer, Chernobyl, Five Years Later
  the Danger Persists, New York Times Magazine,
  April 14, 1991, pp. 28, 32.
• Reuters, Iraq Asks UN to Ease Hardships, Lift
  Sanctions, Lost Angeles Times, February 9, 1993,
  p. A9.

45
Reports Resolutions

• United Nations Register of Conventional Arms,
  Report of the Secretary-General, UN General
  Assembly document A/48/344, October 11, 1993.
• UN Security Council resolution 687, April 3, 1991.

46
Internet

• Web site
• Strutktura, SRIAR Website, lthttp//www.niiar.sim
  birsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm.
• Print publication on Web
• Astrid Forland, Norways Nuclear Odyssey,
  Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997),
  lthttp//cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htmgt.
• Online periodical
• Svetlana Dobrynina, Prodayetsya kvartira dlya
  mirnogo atoma, Nezavisimaya gazeta online
  edition, July 24, 1999, lthttp//home.eastview.com/
  news/ng/gt.

47
Treaties

• U.S. Department of State, Nuclear Weapons Test
  Ban, August 5, 1963.
• Denmark and Italy Convention Concerning
  Military Service, July 15, 1954.

48
Interviews

• Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary, James
  Chemical Engineering, Groton, Connecticut,
  telephone conversation with author, July 31,
  1991.
• Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author, Moscow,
  October 13, 1990.
• Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with
  author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.

49
Sources

• Purdue University Online Writing Lab
  website,http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
  earch/r_plagiar.html
• Graduate Honor System, Graduate Honor System
  website, Virginia Tech, http//ghs.grads.vt.edu/st
  udent/avoiding.html
• James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies,
  Style Guide, Nonproliferation Review,
  http//www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.p
  df
• Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, Controlling
  Nuclear Warheads and Materials A Report Card and
  Action Plan (Washington, D.C. Nuclear Threat
  Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
  Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
• Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History,
  Political Science, Education, English (Stamford
  Campus) website, University of Connecticut,
  http//www.lib.uconn.edu/sroseman/SRliaison.html

50
Contact Me

• Questions about content sources, formatting, or
  how to contact an expert?
• lisa.donohoe_at_miis.edu