The Rise of Democracy 11

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The Rise of Democracy (11)

• Preview In the 1820s and 1830s a new democratic
  political culture championed the wisdom of the
  people and the need for political parties.
• The Highlights
• Equality and Opportunity
• The New Political Culture of Democracy
• Jacksons Rise to Power
• Democracy and Race
• The Nullification Crisis
• The Bank War
• Van Buren and Depression
• The Jacksonian Party System

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Learning Outcomes Democracy

• Understand how a new political culture emerged in
  the 1820s and 30s
• Be able to account for the difference between the
  views of Calhoun and Jackson
• Explain in what ways democratic policies are
  thought to have intensified racism
• Be able to describe the Triumph of the Market
  Economy

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Equality and Opportunity

• The Tension between Equality and Opportunity
• Widespread opportunity will inevitably produce
  inequality of wealth
• Americans promote equality of opportunity, not
  equality of condition

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Popular political parties provided an essential
mechanism for peacefully resolving the
differences among competing interest groups,
regions, and social classes.

• The Acceptance of Parties
• Rise of the professional politician
• Acceptance of parties as sources of checking
  abuse
• The Politics of the Common Man
• New style of politics
• Limitations of the democratic political system

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Jacksons Rise to Power

• Election of 1824
• The New Men
• John Quincy Adams
• John C. Calhoun
• Henry Clay
• Andrew Jackson
• No candidate has a majority of the popular or
  electoral votes
• House decides the race between Andrew Jackson
  John Quincy Adams
• Adams wins, prompting calls of a corrupt
  bargain with Henry Clay, Secretary of State

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Jacksons Rise to Power

• John Quincy Adamss Presidency
• March 4, 1825 Inaugural
• Intent to open expand
• trade relationships with
• South America
• the Caribbean colonies
• Promote Manufacturing
• the arts
• Defeated in 1828
• Serves 9 terms in Congress
• from 1830 to 1848

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The New Political Culture of Democracy

• Anti-Masonry and the Defense of Equality
• Freemasons reach 150,000 members in 1826
• Anti-Masonic movement emerges as an
  anti-aristocracy phenomenon
• 1830s emergence of the Whig (National
  Republican) party
• Social Sources of the New Politics
• New attitudes toward government prompt democratic
  reforms
• Male suffrage expands in Europe Latin America

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Jacksons Rise to Power

• President of the People
• 1828-Jackson,
• Democrat, beats Adams
• Jackson reflects the
• common persons
• attitudes values ?
• Jackson defends the
• emerging spoils system

Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837
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The Hermitage Jacksons home
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Jacksons Image
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Jacksons Image
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Democracy Race

• Accommodate or Resist?
• New, aggressive attitudes of white Americans
  placed Indians in the Old Southwest in a
  precarious position
• Changing nature of Cherokee society

Ironically, at the same time that white racial
attitudes toward Indians were deteriorating, the
Cherokees racial attitudes toward blacks were
also hardening, paralleling the increased racism
among white Americans.
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Democracy Race

• Trail of Tears
• Jackson pressures Congress for Indian removal
• Jackson ignores Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws
  removed from the Southeast
• Removal sparks military resistance by Indian
  groups in other regions

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The Cherokee Trail of Tears Robert Lindneux
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Georgia Historical Marker, 1985
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Democracy Race

• Free Blacks in the North
• 171,000 free blacks in the North in 1840
• Discrimination on the rise
• Black poverty high
• The African American Community
• Black community was not as diversified as white
  society because of limited economic opportunity
• The Minstrel Show
• Appeal of minstrelsy rested on prevalent racial
  stereotypes
• Deepening racism during the Jacksonian era

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White Actors performing in blackface
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The Nullification Crisis

• The Growing Crisis in South Carolina
• 1819 State hit hard by depression
• Tariff is the central issue
• 1822 Denmark Veseys conspiracy adds to
  insecurity
• 1828 Tariff of Abominations passes Congress
  provokes a severe response
• John C. Calhoun

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• Calhouns Theory of Nullification
• Calhoun argues that states could nullify federal
  laws
• Minority rights versus majority rule
• Nationalists theory of the Union
• The Nullifiers Nullified
• Jackson threatens military action against South
  Carolina for legislatures tariff nullification
• Compromise of 1833 ends the crisis by lowering
  the tariff

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The Bank War

• The National Bank the Panic of 1819
• Second national bank exacerbates economic
  problems in 1819
• Banks become a source of considerable political
  angst
• Biddles Bank
• Bank president expands the banks influence
• Promotes unpopular paper money

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Nicholas Biddle
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Jacksons own experiences left him with a deep
distrust of banks and paper money.

• The Clash between Jackson Biddle
• 1832 Biddle pushes for the early renewal of
  banks charter
• Congress passes the recharter bill Jackson
  vetoes it
• Jacksons veto message secures his position as
  champion of the people

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Culture of Democracy

• The Bank Destroyed
• Jackson tries to cripple the bank after he wins
  re-election in 1832
• Jackson orders secretary of treasury to remove
  banks deposits

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Culture of Democracy

• Jacksons Impact on the Presidency
• Jackson strengthens authority of executive branch
• The modern presidency begins with Jackson
• How Democratic was Jacksonian Democracy?

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Van Buren and Depression

• Van Ruins Depression
• Martin Van Buren, Jacksons Democratic successor,
  associated with the Panic of 1837
• 1840 Congress creates the Independent Treasury
  to keep the governments funds

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By 1840 the Whigs had done much to perfect their
partys national organization, and with the
nation stuck in the worst depression of the
century, they approached the election of 1840 in
high spirits.

• The Whigs Triumph
• Election of 1840 is the first modern presidential
  campaignimportant use of imagery
• Women take a new, more public political role
• Record voter turnout (nearly 80)
• Harrison defeats Van Buren
• We have taught them how to conquer us
  Democratic Review

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Harrison, 1840 campaign poster
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Harrison Hero of Tippicanoe 1811
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Harrison dies one month in office Tyler assumes
presidency
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The Jacksonian Party System

• Democrats, Whigs, the Market
• Democratic ideology rests on perceived conflict
  between the people greedy aristocrats
• Whig ideology rests on belief in continued
  commercial development
• Democrats key belief is in limited government
  opposition to monopolies
• Whigs desire an active government
• The Social Bases of the Two Parties
• Whigs promote the market economy, Democrats fear
  it
• Whigs attract high-status native-born religious
  groups
• Democrats attract more Germans Irish religious
  groups, particularly Catholics
• The Triumph of the Market
• Market expansion continues in spite of Jacksonian
  efforts

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Keywords and Terms

• Equality and Opportunity
• Workingmens Party
• Nicolas Biddle
• 2nd Bank of United States
• equality of opportunity
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Theory of Nullification
• enlightened elite
• laissez-faire

• Worster v. Georgia
• Peggy Eaton
• hard money
• Alexis de Tocqueville
• Democracy in America
• Van Buren the Whigs
• Panic of 1837

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SummaryLearning Outcomes Democracy

• Understand how a new political culture emerged in
  the 1820s and 30s
• Be able to account for the difference between the
  views of Calhoun and Jackson
• Explain in what ways democratic policies are
  thought to have intensified racism
• Be able to describe the Triumph of the Market
  Economy