Rise of Dictatorships

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Rise of Dictatorships

• Totalitarianism and WWII
• 1939-1945

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U.S. Following WWI

• Prosperity (on the surface)
• Consumer spending, new products
• Buying on credit (buy now, pay later)
• Strong stock market
• The Roaring Twenties
• Reality
• Buying stocks with credit (on margin)
• Overproduction of goods prices fell
• Farmers struggling couldnt get high prices
• Stock Market Crash! October 29, 1929
• THE GREAT DEPRESSION

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Post War Uncertainty

• Unstable democracies, lots of political parties
  and coalitions war debts
• Socialist/Communist groups strengthen view
  capitalism as a failure (Depression)
• Germany Weimar Republic (unpopular)
• No democratic history in Germany
• Inflation value of mark declines dramatically
• U.S. loans money to Germany

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Rise of Dictatorships

• Worldwide depression
• Millions lose faith in democratic systems
• Turn to totalitarian leaders
• Mussolini Italy
• Hitler Germany
• Franco Spain
• Stalin USSR
• Hirohito/Tojo - Japan

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Italy

• Benito Mussolini Fascist Party - 1923
• Il Duce The Leader
• Blackshirts private army terrorized people
• Extreme nationalism vowed to revive the glory
  of the Roman Empire
• Popularity increases as economy worsens
• 1922 King Victor Emmanuel steps down

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Germany

• Adolf Hitler Nazi Party
• Der Fuhrer The Leader
• Beer Hall Putsch 1923 attempts to take over
  govt.
• In jail, writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• Brown Shirts (SA Storm Troopers), Gestapo (SS)
  (Heinrich Himmler)
• Chancellor in 1933 Hindenburg steps down
• Terror and intimidation propaganda (Joseph
  Goebbels), Hitler youth, education, media
• The Third Reich

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Germany cont.

• Aryans were the master race
• Germany needed lebensraum (living space)
• Totalitarian state
• Anti-Semitism against Jews

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USSR Japan

• Joseph Stalin (Man of Steel)
• Control over industry, farms
• Millions die under forced labor, collective
  farms, prisons
• Japan Emperor Hirohito
• Heideki Tojo military leader takes control

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Spain

• Fascist leader Francisco Franco (Nationalists)
  revolts against government
• Hitler and Mussolini send troops
• Hitler tests new weapons on Spain
• Franco becomes dictator remains neutral in the
  war

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Axis Aggression - Japan

• Japan desperately needed raw materials
• Seizes Manchuria 1931
• Invades China 1937
• Wants to expand in the Pacific

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Axis Aggression - Italy

• Mussolini wants a colonial empire
• Invades Ethiopia 1935
• Later Albania, Libya
• League of Nations does nothing

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Axis Aggression - Germany

• 1. 1936 - German troops occupy the Rhineland
• 2. 1938 Germany annexes Austria Anschluss
• 3. Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
• Germany needs lebensraum
• Munich 1938 appeasement
• Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister)
  gives in
• 4. Germany takes rest of Czech. 6 months later

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Europe Goes to War

• 5. Germany signs non-aggression pact
  (Nazi-Soviet Pact) with USSR 1939
• Stalin Hitler
• Agree to divide Poland
• 6. Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
• WWII begins

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Europe Goes to War

• Blitzkrieg (lightening war)
• Hitler crushes Poland
• Stalin takes half of Poland for USSR (communist)
• French build up Maginot Line - defenses
• April 9, 1940 Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,
  Belgium fall
• Takes Paris on June 14, 1940
• Evacuation (Miracle) at Dunkirk to England

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War cont.

• Battle of Britain
• Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force (RAF)
• Great acts of individual bravery
• June 1940 June 1941 30,000 Londoners killed
• Winston Churchill rallies England
• Hitlers first defeat

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Americans Debate

• Was WWI a mistake?
• Was it about big industries making money off war?
• Isolationists debate the interventionists
• Neutrality Act 1939
• Cash carry nations could buy from U.S. if
  they paid cash used own ships (pro ally)
• Lend Lease Act - loans to allies
• Atlantic Charter deepening alliance w/Britain
  self determination of nations
• Hitler orders attacks on U.S. ships

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Japan

• Japan Builds an Empire
• Invades Manchuria other Pacific Islands 30s
  40s
• American Response
• FDR moves Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• Threatens Japans expansion
• America remains neutral
• Embargo (oil) Japanese assets frozen
• Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941 a date which will live in
  infamy
• U.S. enters World War II

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Pearl Harbor
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Fighting in Italy and North Africa

• German General Erwin Rommel Desert Fox
• Leads Afrika Corps
• Panzer units (tanks)
• Defeated by GB at Battle of El Alamein (Bernard
  Montgomery GB)

• George Patton takes Sicily North Africa
• Italy surrenders
• Mussolini killed by anti-fascists

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War in the Soviet Union

• 3.6 million Germans attack in 1941
• Operation Barbarossa
• Scorched earth policy
• Bitter winter
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Red Army launches massive assault victory for
  USSR
• Turning point in war

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Invasion of Western Europe

• Build up of troops in GB
• D-Day (June 6, 1944)
• Operation Overlord
• Largest landing force in history invades
  Normandy, France
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander
• Battle of the Bulge
• 1944 Hitlers last chance to defend Germany
• Costly for U.S.
• Patton stops Germans

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War Ends in Europe

• The Soviets Advance
• Move on Berlin
• U.S. moves from west
• Soviets move from east
• Soviets take Berlin in April 1945
• Germany Surrenders
• Hitler commits suicide on May 1, 1945
• Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945
• V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

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War Ends in Europe cont.

• The Yalta Conference
• Stalin, Churchill, and FDR (the big three) make
  postwar plans
• Divide Germany into 4 zones
• Stalin promised to join war against Japan
• Also to hold free elections
• Potsdam Conference
• Truman told Stalin about a nuclear weapon

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War in the Pacific

• The Japanese advance
• The Philippines fall
• General Macarthur forced to leave (I shall
  return)
• Bataan Death March
• The Battle of Coral Sea
• First aircraft carrier battle
• Prevented attack of Australia

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War in the Pacific

• Allied victories turn the tide
• The Battle of Midway
• Destroy 4 Jap. ships
• Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Key victories
• Kamikaze fighters
• Island hopping to Japan

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War Ends in Pacific

• The Manhattan Project secret project to develop
  an atomic bomb (J. Robert Oppenheimer)
• Los Alamos test site
• FDR dies Truman makes decision to drop the bomb
• August 6, 1945 - Little Boy dropped on
  Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 - Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki
• Sept. 2, 1945 Japan signs surrender

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Hiroshima
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Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Americans put into camps Fear of spying
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Liberation

• Soviet and American troops come upon Nazi
  concentration camps
• World begins to learn about the Holocaust
• Genocide
• Final Solution

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Europe and Japan in Ruins

• Over 50 million Europeans dead, 2/3 of them
  civilians
• Physical destruction of land and cities
• Refugees, displaced persons, search for Holocaust
  survivors
• Nuremberg Trials 22 charged with war crimes,
  only one expressed remorse
• Occupation of Japan (MacArthur)
• Demilitarization
• Democratization

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Losses Includes civilians

• USSR 25,000,000 (17,000,000 civilians!)
• Germany 7,000,000 (10,000 civilians)
• Poland 6,800,000
• China 11,300,000
• Japan 1,800,000
• France 810,000
• Great Britain 388,000
• Italy 410,000
• U.S. 295,000