Cell

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Cell animal reproduction

• Grade 6
• Compiled by Alya Kays

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Plants reproduction
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Animal Cell

• The body is made up of millions of tiny cells
• Most of the cell is made up of protoplasm
• Cell parts
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane

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Animal Cell
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SHAPE

• Plant cell is rectangular in shape.
• Animal cell is spherical in shape.

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• Plant cells

Animal cells
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CELL WALL

• Plant cell is covered by a thick cell wall.
• Cell wall is made up of cellulose and
  hemicellulose.
• Animal cell is covered by a thin cell membrane.
• It is made up of Lipoprotein.

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VACUOLE

• In plant cell, Vacuole is big, prominent and
  permanent.

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Vacuole

• In animal cell, Vacuole is small, temporary and
  not so prominent.

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PLASTIDS

• Plastids are present only in plant cell.
• Plastids are of three types.
• Leucoplast
• Chromoplast
• Chloroplast
• PLASTID IS ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELL.

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Paramecium
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Red blood cells

• Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the primary
  carriers of oxygen to the cells and tissues of
  the body. The biconcave shape of the erythrocyte
  is an adaptation for maximizing the surface area
  across which oxygen is exchanged for carbon
  dioxide. Its shape and flexible plasma membrane
  allow the erythrocyte to penetrate the smallest
  of capillaries.

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• Human smooth muscle, also referred to as
  visceral or involuntary muscle, is composed of
  slender, spindle-shaped cells. Controlled by the
  autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle cells
  help form the structure of the skin, blood
  vessels, and internal organs.

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• Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle tissue
  found only in the heart. Requiring a constant
  supply of oxygen, cardiac muscle will quickly die
  if obstructions occur in the arteries leading to
  the heart. Heart attacks occur from the damage
  caused by insufficient blood supply to cardiac
  muscle.

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• Skeletal muscles attach to bones. They help you
  do things such as kick a ball, chew food, or
  write. When one of these muscles contracts, or
  shortens, the bone attached to the muscle moves.
  Skeletal muscles are voluntarythat is, you
  control when they work. Skeletal muscles consist
  of cells containing light and dark bands that
  make them appear striped.

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Nerve cell This photomicrograph shows a number
of multipolar nerve cells. The central cell body
is clearly visible in each of the cells, as are
the dendrites. The dendrites are short extensions
of the nerve cell body that function in the
reception of stimuli.
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Epithelial Cells

• The epithelium is a protective layer of cells
  that covers an organ surface or lines a body
  cavity. Shown here is a layer of simple squamous
  (scaly) epithelium. Skin is composed of several
  layers of epithelial cells.

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Bone cell
Osteocytes
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Cell Division

• Mitosis
• Increases total number of cells
• Results in animal growth
• Chromosomes pairs are duplicated

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Cell Division

• Meiosis
• Produces gametes
• Only have one-half the chromosomes of normal cells

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Gametes
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Reproductive Terminology
Species Act Offspring Cows calving
calf Ewes lambing lamb Sows
farrowing pig Hens hatching chick Mares
foaling foal Goats kidding kid Frog
hatching tadpole
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Mammals Reproduction

• Objective Specify how the reproductive system
  for mammals functions

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Terminology

• Estrus
• When a female is receptive to be bred
• Lactation
• Period of time that milk is secreted by the
  mammary glands
• Parturition
• Than act of giving birth

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Reproductive Functions of the Female

• Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or
  menstrual cycle) to the next.
• Length of estrous cycle by species
• Cow 19 - 21 days
• Ewe 16 - 17 days
• Sow 19 - 21 days
• Mare 21 - 24 days
• Woman 28 days
• Hen none

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Female Tract
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Female Reproductive System

• Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male
  testicle and is the site of gamete production.
• A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per
  ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential
  eggs per ovary.
• Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not
  continuously produced as in the male.
• All species contain two functional ovaries except
  for the hen which has only a left functioning
  ovary.

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Female Reproductive System

• Uterine Horn - The anterior, divided end of the
  uterus in the cow, ewe, and mare. Sow has only 2
  horns, no body, woman has no horns, only body.
• Uterus - Muscular sac connecting fallopian tubes
  and cervix
• 1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport
• 2. Supports embryo and fetus during gestation
• 3. Expels fetus at parturition

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Female Reproductive System
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Reproductive Functions (Female)

• Steps in the female reproductive process
• 1. Ovulation
• Produce gamete (ova or ovum)
• Release of egg(s)
• Infundibulum pushes the ovum into the fallopian
  tube

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Ovulation Rates

• Ovulation Rates by Species
• Cow- 1 egg per estrus
• Ewe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrus
• Sow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrus
• Mare- 1 egg per estrus
• Hen- Approx. 28 eggs per month

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Fertilization

• When the sperm from a male reaches the egg from a
  female
• Two cells join to form a complete cell
• Pairs of chromosomes are formed again
• Many different combinations of traits are formed

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Fertilization
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Figure 16.13 Fertilization
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Reproductive Functions (Female)

• Gestation and Lactation Periods
• Species Gestation Period Lactation(Milking)
• Cow 275 - 285 days beef 180 - 270
  days dairy 305 - 365 days
• Ewe 115 - 142 days 60 - 90 - 120 days
• Sow 112 - 115 days 21 - 42 days
• Mare 330 - 345 days 90 - 150 days
• Woman 270 days ? years

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Baby development
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Human baby
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Reproduction in Poultry
Birds

• Objective Specify how the reproductive system
  for poultry functions

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Reproduction in Poultry

• The poultry oviduct has five parts
• 1) Vagina
• Holds the egg until laid
• 2) Uterus
• Secretes the shell
• 3) Isthmus
• Adds the two shell membranes
• 4) Magnum
• Secretes the albumen
• 5) Infundibulum
• Where fertilization takes place

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Reproduction in Poultry

• Major difference
• Embryo of livestock develop inside the females
  body while the embryo of poultry develops inside
  the egg.
• Poultry only have the left ovary and oviduct when
  mature
• The yoke is the ovum
• Chicken Incubation
• 21 days

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• 1- A butterfly starts its life as an egg, laid by
  a female adult butterfly after mating. Butterfly
  eggs vary in size and shape, but most are
  surrounded by a protective hard shell.

• 2- A caterpillar develops within the egg and then
  eats its way out of the shell.

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• 3- When the caterpillar reaches its final size it
  stops feeding. The caterpillar wriggles and
  twists to gradually remove its old skin,
  revealing a new protective skin called the
  chrysalis.

• 4- A caterpillar spends all its time eating. As
  it grows, the caterpillar becomes too large for
  its skin and molts (sheds its skin) to reveal new
  skin. Depending upon the type of butterfly,
  caterpillars molt four or five times.

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• 5- Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar changes
  from a wormlike creature into an adult butterfly.

• 6- When the butterfly reaches adulthood, it
  leaves the chrysalis. It pumps blood into its
  crumpled wings and expands them to their full
  size before flying away.

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Bee reproduction
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Life Cycle of a Frog
Amphibians
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Metamorphosis

• Metamorphosis is the changes that a frog goes
  through during its life cycle.
• There are four main stages in the life cycle of
  the frog.

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Egg

• The first stage in the life cycle of the frog is
  the egg.
• A frog lays many eggs at one time.
• The eggs are covered with a jellylike coating.

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Tadpole

• The second stage of the frog life cycle is the
  tadpole.
• Hatched tadpoles have gills for breathing in the
  water.
• They have a tail, but no legs.

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• As a tadpole grows, lungs begin to form.
• Back and front legs begin to grow. These parts
  allow the adult frog to live on land.

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Adult Frog

• Once the lungs form and begin to work, the gills
  and tail disappear.
• The adult frog is now ready to live on land.

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Frog life cycle
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