Major Operations of Refining Process Separation Operations

1
(No Transcript)
2
PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS
3

• petroleum, crude oil
• a fossil fuel, made naturally from decaying
  plants and animals living in ancient seas
  millions of years ago
• color from clear to tar-black,
• viscosity from water to almost solid.
• mixture of hydrocarbons (over 200 different
  compounds, 1-70 carbon molecules)
• i) source of energy
  ii) starting material for
  synthesis of many important chemical substances

4
Elements and compounds found in crude oil
Carbon - 84 Hydrogen - 14 Sulfur -
1 to 3 (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides,
disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen
- less than 1 (basic compounds with
amine groups) Oxygen -
less than 1 (found in organic
compounds such as carbon dioxide,
phenols,
ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals - less
than 1 (nickel, iron, vanadium,
copper, arsenic) Salts - less
than 1 (sodium chloride, magnesium
chloride, calcium chloride)
5
Hydrocarbons found in Petroleum

• Alkanes, n-paraffin series (CnH2n2) (poor
  antiknock properties)
• Iso-alkanes, iso-paraffin series (CnH2n2) (high
  antiknock properties)
• Cycloalkanes, naphtene series (CnH2n) (good
  antiknock properties)
• Aromatic, benzenoid series (CnH2n-6)
• (high antiknock properties)

6
 
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(not present in crude oil, form during cracking)
10
(No Transcript)
11

• API gravity classification of
• crude oil
• API ?, low specific gravity, lighter oil
• ? larger yields of gasoline and light
• petroleum products.

12
Products of petroleum refining
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM REFINING
16
Natural gas

• a fossil fuel, like oil and coal,
• a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. Most
  important fuel and petrochemical feedstock.
• considered 'dry' when it is almost pure methane,
  having had most of the other commonly associated
  hydrocarbons removed. When other hydrocarbons
  (vapors) are present, referred as 'wet'.
• natural gasoline liquid condensed from wet gas.
  Contains fewer higher-boiling constituents (more
  volatile) as compared to straight-run gasoline
• Products gaseous fuel, LNG, He, Hydrogen,
  synthesis gas ? petrochemicals

17

0-20
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20

• Precursors of Petrochemicals
• Acetylene HC ? CH
• Ethylene H2C ? CH2
• Propylene CH3CH ? CH2
• Butene H2C ? CHCH2CH3

21
Benzene
Toluene
CH3
o-Xylene
CH3
CH3
Naphthalene
22
(No Transcript)
23
Sources and uses of precursors
coke
24

• GASOLINE - OCTANE NUMBER
• A measure of the antiknock property of gasoline.
• Determined by comparing the performance of the
  gasoline being tested with the performance of a
  mixture of 2,2,4, trimethyl pentane (also called
  iso-octane) and normal heptane.
• The octane number is the percentage of
  iso-octane in that mixture whose performance
  (in regard to knocking) is the same as that of
  the gasoline under test.
• Example if the performance of the gasoline under
  test is the same as that of a mixture of 80
  iso-octane and 20 normal heptane, the gasoline
  is 80 octane.

25
Major Operations of Refining Process

• Separation Operations
  (distillation, fractionation)
• Conversion Operations
• i. decomposition
• ii. unification
• iii. alteration or rearrangement
• Treatment operations

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
Chemical Treatments

• Improvement of color and odor
• Removal of sulfur
• Removal of gums, resins and asphaltic materials
• Improvement of light and air stability
• Improved susceptability to additives

33
Major conversion operations

• Cracking
• Polymerization
• Alkylation
• Hydrogenation
• Hydrocracking
• Isomerization
• Reforming or Aromatization

34
Cracking Splitting large hydrocarbons into
smaller molecules by the action of catalysts and
heat.
35
Polymerization The linking of similar
molecules, joining together light
olefins.
36
Alkylation The union of an olefin with an
aromatic or paraffinic
hydrocarbon.
37
Hydrogenation The addition of hydrogen to an
olefin
38
Hydrocracking Splitting large hydrocarbons
into smaller molecules by the action of catalysts
and heat in the presence of hydrogen.
39
Isomerization Alteration of the arrangement of
the atoms in a molecule without changing the
number of atoms.
40
Reforming or aromatization The conversion of
naphtas into cyclic and aromatic compounds.
41
Processing Units in Refineries

• Stills (major units)
• Coverters and Treatment Units
• Other units

42
PARTS OF PIPE OR TUBE STILLS

• Heat Exchangers
• Furnace
• Fractionating Tower
• Steam Strippers
• Condensers
• Coolers
• Auxilliary Equipment

43
Units Other Than Stills

• Crude oil treatment units (desalting,
  demineralizing, removing other impurities)
• Tanks (receiving, storing, treatments, blending
  and mixing)
• Vapor Recovery Systems
• Spill and Fire Control Systems
• Auxilliary Services (Boiler House, Electric
  Generating System, Pressurized Air, Water
  Station, Cooling Towers, Waste Treatment)
• Control Room (Flow rates, temperatures and
  pressures monitored, regulated continuously)

44
Unit Operations Used in Refining

• Fluid Flow
• Heat Transfer
• Distillation (extractive, azeotropic)
• Absorption, steam stripping (desorption)
• Adsorption
• Crystallization
• Filtration
• Extraction

45
(No Transcript)
46
PETROLEUM FACTS
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
2005 estimate 22.600
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
ENERGY DEMAND AND SOURCES
59
(No Transcript)
60
Renewable Energy Sources

• Sunlight
• Wind
• Tides
• Geothermal heat
• Biomass wood, wastes, manures
• Hydroelectricity
• Biofuel (fermentation products)

61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)