Population and Urbanization

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Population and Urbanization

• Demography -- study of human population
• Fertility
• incidence of childbearing in a societys
  population.
• Fecundity -- maximum potential of childbearing
  ability of women.
• Crude birth rate -- number of live births per
  1000 of population in a given year.

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• Mortality
• Incidence of death in a societys population
• Crude death rate -- deaths per 1000 of population
  in a given year.
• Infant Mortality Rate -- deaths per 1000 among
  infants under one year .
• Life expectancy-- average life span of a
  societys population.

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• Migration
• Movement of people into and out of a specified
  territory.
• Immigration -- movement into a territory.
• emigration -- movement out of a territory.

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• Population Growth Rate -- subtract crude death
  rate from crude birth rate. Low in rich countries
  and high in poor countries.
• Population Composition
• a) Sex Ratio -- number of males per 100 females
  in a given population.
• b) Age-sex pyramid - graphic representation of
  the age and sex distribution of a population.

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POPULATION THEORIESMalthusian Perspective

1. Population, if left unchecked, will tend to
   exceed the food supply.
2. Checks on population can be positive (famines,
   wars) or preventive (birth control).
3. For the poor, any improvement in income is lost
   to additional births.
4. The wealthy and better educated already exercise
   preventive checks.

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Projected Population of the U.S. 2 or 3 Child
Average per Family
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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 1.
• Birth rate and the death rate are high.
• Population growth is modest.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 2.
• Birth rate remains high.
• Death rate begins to drop sharply because of
  sanitation, increased food production, medical
  advances.
• Rate of population growth is very high.
• Most sub-Saharan African countries are presently
  at this stage.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 3.
• The birth rate declines sharply.
• Because the death rate continues to drop,
  population growth is still rapid.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 4.
• Birth rate and the death rate are low.
• Population grows slowly if at all.
• North America, Europe, and Japan are at this
  stage today.

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Stages of the Demographic Transition
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Global Population Trends.

• a) Zero Population Growth -- reproduction
  maintains population at a steady state. Prevalent
  in developed countries.
• b) In less developed countries -- children are
  still seen as economic assets, status of women is
  low.

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URBANIZATION

• Process by which an increasing proportion of
  population lives in cities.
• Metropolis -- large cities that exert influence
  over a region.
• Megalopolis -- overlapping area consisting of at
  least two large cities and their suburbs.
• Suburbs-- urban areas beyond the political
  boundaries of the city.

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Urbanization Trends

• Only 5 of the American population lived in urban
  areas in 1790.
• As recently as 1800, less than 3 of the worlds
  population lived in cities of 20,000 or more.
• 45 of the worlds population now lives in urban
  areas.
• In North America, 80 of the population lives in
  cities.

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• What are the problems confronting urban areas?
• Urban renewal (gentrification) -- refurbishing of
  old buildings to put them to new use.
• Read about what metropolitan statistical and
  consolidated metropolitan areas are.

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Experiencing the City

• Ferdinand Tonnies
• Gemeinschaft (community) -- people are bound
  closely together by kinship and tradition.
• Gesellschaft (society) -- people have weak social
  ties and are self interested.

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• Urbanization in Poor Countries.
• Contain most of the world largest cities.
• Cities have a tough time supporting the growing
  urban populations.
• Why are people moving to cities?
• What are the problems of urbanization in poor
  countries?