How lubricant is made?

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How lubricant is made?
Refined Base Oil Additives
(Chemical) Lubricants
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Where does lubricant come from?

• Base Oil is refined from crude oil
• (2 types of crude)
• 1. Paraffinic waxy or sweet crude
• 2. Napthenic asphaltic or sour crude

3
Where does lubricant come from?

• The best crude oil to use to make high quality
  base oil is paraffinic!
• Some poor quality base oils are made from
  napthenic crude oil!

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WSO BASE OILS
Types of base oils

• Paraffinic Oils
• High VI
• High Flash Point
• Lighter Color
• Source of wax
• Two distinct groups
• Group I
• Group II
• Naphthenic
• Low Pour Point-as low as -51C
• More Soluble-good seal swell
• Easier to Refine-no wax

• Synthetics
• Synthesized Hydrocarbons
• PAO
• Organic Esters
• Polyglycols
• Phosphate Esters
• High VI-120
• High temperature stability
• Low temperature fluidity
• Low volatility

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Group II Base Oils

What makes WSO motor oil so good??

• WSO uses Group II base oils in its
  manufacturing of engine oils

With the exception of SF/CD and SG/CF-4 grades
produced in Bangkok
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Group II Oxidation Chart
Hydraulic Oil
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Lubrication Fundamentals
Base Oil Color Scale
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Summary
lubricants start with base oils refined from
crude oils 2 types, paraffinic and
napthenic The best base oils for motor oils come
are paraffinic base oils High quality motor oils
are made with Paraffinic base oils WSO
motor oils come from Group II
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Part 2 How lubricant is made?
Refined Base Oil Additives
(Chemical) Lubricants
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MOTOR OIL ADDITIVES
Additives
Type
Reason For Use

• Dispersants
• Detergents
• Anti-wear Agents
• Anti-oxidants

• Suspend sludge, carbon, and deposit forming
  material
• Control high temperature piston ring belt
  deposits, neutralize combustion/blowby acids
• Reduce wear and form protective film
• Control oil oxidation, varnish, and sludge

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MOTOR OIL ADDITIVES
Type
Reason For Use
Additives

• Rust Corrosion Inhibitors
• Friction Modifiers
• Viscosity Modifiers

• Prevent engine rust and corrosion
• Reduce fuel consumption
• Maintain low oil consumption and reduce viscosity
  change with temperature

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The Job of the lubricant

• Protect Against Wear
• oil must protect parts under boundary lubrication
• Protect Against Corrosion
• protect metal parts against rust and corrosion
• Protect Against Deposits
• resist deposit formation (sludge and varnish)
• Resist Foaming

• Reduce Friction
• oil must form a fluid film between highly loaded
  parts
• Coolant
• oil must remove heat
• Remove Contaminants
• oil must carry away contaminants from both
  internal and external sources

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Important Characteristics

• API Rating
• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index
• rate of change from 37.7C to 98.8C
• higher VI (90 and above) is considered a better
  quality oil
• Flash Point
• temperature at which oil will flash when
  exposed to a flame
• Pour Point
• lowest temperature at which the oil will pour.
• Other characteristics such as
• gravity, color, carbon, etc.

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SAE CATEGORIES
API Performance Categories-Gasoline
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SAE CATEGORIES
API Performance Categories-Gasoline
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What is Viscosity?

• The Role of Viscosity
• Viscosity is a measure of the oils resistance to
  flow
• An oils resistance to flow is responsible for
  most of the drag put on the starter during
  cranking
• The Cold Cranking Simulator and Mini Rotary
  Viscometer are the primary tests used to define
  the SAE W viscosity grades
• Adequate viscosity at the operating temperature
  provides a thick, continuous film of oil between
  moving engine parts, hydrodynamic viscosity
• Adequate viscosity on piston ring surfaces and
  cylinder walls help seal the combustion chamber
• Too much viscosity at the operating temperature
  can create added resistance, resulting in
  increased fuel consumption, reduced heat
  transfer, and increased oil consumption

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Passenger Car Motor Oils
API Engine Oil Certification System

• EOLCS Has Two Types of API Engine Oil Licensing
  and Certification System Marks
• API Service Symbols
• API Certification Mark
• Oils licensed to use this mark meet current ILSAC
  GF-3 standards

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Problems with motor oils
Use and Maintenance Factors

• Drain Interval
• Dominant factor in control of wear and deposits
• Governed by the severity
• Before contaminant load becomes to great
• Set by used oil analysis for large fleets
• Established by manufacturer on basis of
  experience
• Contamination based on load factor
• passenger cars have light load factor
• heavy duty fleet have high load factors

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Problems with using poor quality oils
Oil change intervals too long

• Light-load
• Short trip
• Water

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Problems using poor quality oils
Deposits

• Gasoline Engines
• Sludge
• Low Temperature
• Cold Starts
• Short Trips
• Condensation
• Gasoline Components
• polymers formed by acids and NOx