How lubricant is made

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How lubricant is made?
Refined Base Oil Additives (Chemical)
Lubricants
2
Where does lubricant come from?

• Base Oil is refined from crude oil
• (2 types of crude)
• 1. Paraffinic waxy or sweet crude
• 2. Napthenic asphaltic or sour crude

3
Where does lubricant come from?

• The best crude oil to use to make high quality
  base oil is paraffinic!
• Some poor quality base oils are made from
  napthenic crude oil!

4
BASE OILS
Types of base oils

• Paraffinic Oils
• High VI
• High Flash Point
• Lighter Color
• Source of wax
• Two distinct groups
• Group I
• Group II
• Naphthenic
• Low Pour Point-as low as -51C
• More Soluble-good seal swell
• Easier to Refine-no wax

• Synthetics
• Synthesized Hydrocarbons
• PAO
• Organic Esters
• Polyglycols
• Phosphate Esters
• High VI-120
• High temperature stability
• Low temperature fluidity
• Low volatility

5
Group II Oxidation Chart
Hydraulic Oil
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Lubrication Fundamentals
Base Oil Color Scale
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Summary
lubricants start with base oils refined from
crude oils 2 types, paraffinic and
napthenic The best base oils for motor oils come
are paraffinic base oils High quality motor oils
are made with Paraffinic base oils
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Part 2 How lubricant is made?
Refined Base Oil Additives
(Chemical) Lubricants
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MOTOR OIL ADDITIVES
Additives
Type
Reason For Use

• Dispersants
• Detergents
• Anti-wear Agents
• Anti-oxidants

• Suspend sludge, carbon, and deposit forming
  material
• Control high temperature piston ring belt
  deposits, neutralize combustion/blowby acids
• Reduce wear and form protective film
• Control oil oxidation, varnish, and sludge

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MOTOR OIL ADDITIVES
Type
Reason For Use
Additives

• Rust Corrosion Inhibitors
• Friction Modifiers
• Viscosity Modifiers

• Prevent engine rust and corrosion
• Reduce fuel consumption
• Maintain low oil consumption and reduce viscosity
  change with temperature

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The Job of the lubricant

• Protect Against Wear
• oil must protect parts under boundary lubrication
• Protect Against Corrosion
• protect metal parts against rust and corrosion
• Protect Against Deposits
• resist deposit formation (sludge and varnish)
• Resist Foaming

• Reduce Friction
• oil must form a fluid film between highly loaded
  parts
• Coolant
• oil must remove heat
• Remove Contaminants
• oil must carry away contaminants from both
  internal and external sources

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Important Characteristics

• API Rating
• Viscosity
• Viscosity Index
• rate of change from 37.7C to 98.8C
• higher VI (90 and above) is considered a better
  quality oil
• Flash Point
• temperature at which oil will flash when
  exposed to a flame
• Pour Point
• lowest temperature at which the oil will pour.
• Other characteristics such as
• gravity, color, carbon, etc.

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SAE CATEGORIES
API Performance Categories-Gasoline
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SAE CATEGORIES
API Performance Categories-Gasoline
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What is Viscosity?

• The Role of Viscosity
• Viscosity is a measure of the oils resistance to
  flow
• An oils resistance to flow is responsible for
  most of the drag put on the starter during
  cranking
• The Cold Cranking Simulator and Mini Rotary
  Viscometer are the primary tests used to define
  the SAE W viscosity grades
• Adequate viscosity at the operating temperature
  provides a thick, continuous film of oil between
  moving engine parts, hydrodynamic viscosity
• Adequate viscosity on piston ring surfaces and
  cylinder walls help seal the combustion chamber
• Too much viscosity at the operating temperature
  can create added resistance, resulting in
  increased fuel consumption, reduced heat
  transfer, and increased oil consumption

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Passenger Car Motor Oils
API Engine Oil Certification System

• EOLCS Has Two Types of API Engine Oil Licensing
  and Certification System Marks
• API Service Symbols
• API Certification Mark
• Oils licensed to use this mark meet current ILSAC
  GF-3 standards

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Problems with motor oils
Use and Maintenance Factors

• Drain Interval
• Dominant factor in control of wear and deposits
• Governed by the severity
• Before contaminant load becomes to great
• Set by used oil analysis for large fleets
• Established by manufacturer on basis of
  experience
• Contamination based on load factor
• passenger cars have light load factor
• heavy duty fleet have high load factors

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Problems with using poor quality oils
Oil change intervals too long

• Light-load
• Short trip
• Water

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Problems using poor quality oils
Deposits

• Gasoline Engines
• Sludge
• Low Temperature
• Cold Starts
• Short Trips
• Condensation
• Gasoline Components
• polymers formed by acids and NOx