Nationalism and Imperialism

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Nationalism and Imperialism
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Why This Unit?

• Throughout modern history, nationalism and
  religion have played crucial roles in both
  uniting and dividing people.
• They form part of the identities of most people
  in the world, creating communities from similar
  and different backgrounds bound by common values
  and aspirations.

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Why This Unit?

• The new ideology of nationalism emerged out of
  the era of the Atlantic revolutions in the late
  eighteenth century.
• It continued to grow and spread in the nineteenth
  and twentieth centuries, as the convergence of
  such forces
• as technology
• liberalism
• and imperialism combined to create important
  changes in the way people saw themselves, the
  world, and their place in it.
• As nationalistic movements spread from Western
  Europe to the Americas, Africa, and Asia in the
  second half of the nineteenth century, people
  began forming new allegiances to a defined
  nation, and along with those new allegiances, new
  identities.

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Why This Unit?

• Although there was a rise in secular culture
  during this period, people also continued to
  define themselves through religion. Religious
  identities sometimes clashed with nationalistic
  identities, while in other instances they spurred
  nationalistic movements.
• The focus of this unit is on the complex
  relationship between nationalism and religion
  from 1850-1914. By studying these two great
  forces, you will be able to understand the
  tensions and boundaries that existed on the eve
  of World War I and the conflicts and changes that
  have continued through the twentieth century and
  into the twenty-first.

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• Era of the Modern Revolution (1750-1914)
• Produced major developments in communication,
  technology, and ideas, all of which effected
  changes in the way people saw themselves and the
  world.

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Era of the Modern Revolution

• At the beginning of the era, most people in the
  world gave allegiance to a religion or religious
  leader, and the most common state was the
  dynastic state, largely consisting of rulers who
  were divinely ordained.
• By the end of the era, however, religions
  influence was being eroded by science,
  liberalism, and secularism.

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Era of the Modern Revolution

• For the first time, people all over the globe saw
  themselves as members of a nation for which they
  were willing to fight and die.
• Such nationalism led to increased competition
  between powerful Western nations, which scrambled
  to increase their legitimacy by colonizing Asia
  and Africa.
• Even those non-Western nations that remained
  self-governing were unable to escape the changes
  wrought by new technologies and ideas.

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Era of the Modern Revolution

• As imperial powers spread to other lands, they
  brought many of their scientific and liberal
  ideas with them. Some people embraced those ideas
  whole-heartedly and even used them to their
  advantage.
• In Africa, for example, elite men and women
  educated in Western-style schools became leaders
  in the African anti-colonialist and nationalist
  movements in the twentieth century.
• Others embraced liberal ideas in some spheres,
  like the military and industry, while rejecting
  democracy.
• Sometimes, disagreements over how to react to
  Western hegemony led to rifts within communities.
  Some Muslim leaders, for example, were torn over
  how to deal with Western intrusion, causing
  debates within Islam that can still be felt
  today.

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Creating ADefinition ofNationalism
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1- Defining Nationalism

• Read the excerpts. Circle or highlight all the
  examples you can find of nationalistic attributes
  - example- common language.
• Make a master list on the back.
• Rank the three countries as to how well they meet
  the attributes.

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Defining Nationalism

• What did you come up with? What elements do you
  think make up nationalism?

• language
• history
• race
• culture
• shared identity
• loyalty of nation over loyalty to individuals or
  groups
• political claims to have own sovereignty

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Examples Non-Examples of Nationalism

• Use our class list of nationalism attributes and
  compare to these examples
• Which ones fit and which ones dont? Why?

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Development of Nationalism in India and the
Ottoman Empire (1850-1914)
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• Your task construct timelines (2) on the
  development of nationalism in
• Ottoman Empire
• India

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• 1. Create a timeline with at least 5 events
  (1814-1950) for each nation
• 2. Under each event list details as to how this
  event contributed to nationalism
• 3. You should note if people changed in how they
  identified themselves.
• For India and for Ottoman Empire use handouts
• For India use Human Experience book (pp.
  713-714) and use Holt History Book (p. 675-676)
• For Ottoman Empire use Wikipedia Ottoman Empire
  - then search Decline and Modernization
  1828-1908)

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Examining Indiaand Ottoman Empire
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• Elements of Nationalism (take notes)
• 1. Valuing a collective identity based on
  history, language, race, and/or ethnicity
• 2. Believing a certain group of people is bonded
  together because of a shared identity
• 3.Placing loyalty to a defined nation above
  loyalty to other groups or individual interests.
• 4. Making political claims on behalf of a
  defined nation, especially the right of a nation
  to form a sovereign state.

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India and Ottoman Empire

• Similarities?
• Differences?
• Why did these differences occur?
• Did religion play a significant role?

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• You each will receive a section of the primary
  resources you examined earlier.
• Circle the key elements of nationalism and be
  prepared to explain to the class

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• Ottoman Empire
• Period of Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)
• Imperial Edict proclaiming the equality of all
  subjects before the law and granting political
  rights to Christians and Jews (1856)
• Romania adopts a new constitution (1864)
• Ottoman Constitution (1876)
• Russo-Turkish Wars in which Serbia joins Russia
  against the Ottoman empire (1877-1878)
• Congress of Berlin independence of Romania,
  Montenegro, and Serbia (1878)
• Young Turks movement (1870s-1914)
• British forces occupy Egypt (1882)
• Young Turks depose Sultan Abdulhamid II (1909)
  
• Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

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• India
• Indian Rebellion (1857-1859)
• Queen Victoria of Great Britain takes the title
  of Empress of India (1876)
• British found universities in major Indian cities
  (1857)
• Indian National Congress formed (1885)
• Partition of Bengal (1905)
• Gandhi begins his campaign of satyagraha (1907)
• Bal Gangdhar Tilak addresses the Indian National
  Congress and calls for Home Rule (1908)

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India and Ottoman Empire

• Similarities?
• Differences?
• Why did these differences occur?
• Did religion play a significant role?

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India and Ottoman Empire

• How has studying nationalism in the Ottoman
  empire and India expanded and/or contested your
  knowledge of nationalism from the previous
  lesson? (where we defined attributes of
  nationalism as well as identified examples and
  non-examples)
• You may hand in a written response
• OR
• You may answer the question on our Voicethread.
  If you choose this option you must hand in a
  rough draft (bulleted is o.k.) of how you intend
  to respond.
• Either way you must provide specific examples to
  back up your contentions.

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Struggles to Retain Old Identities
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Think about the ways Westerners were intruding
on regions outside of Europe and North America
Military - Culture - Objects - How might things
have been different if there had been no exposure?
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Struggles to Retain Old Identities

• Non-Western leaders and thinkers debated how
  extensively they should adopt Western ways so
  that their communities could survive the European
  economic or political domination.
• Some leaders wished to retreat into an idealized
  past, avoiding Western influence altogether
• Others were willing to accept change but wanted
  to confine Western-inspired reforms to certain
  spheres, such as the military or industrialization

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Egypt and Japan

• One of you will get Egypt and one of you will get
  Japan
• Using handouts and text examine their struggle
  for identity and complete the Venn diagram

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Egypt and Japan

• What role did nationalism and religion play in
  the national identity prior to significant
  contact with the West?
• What role did nationalism and religion play in
  peoples struggles to retain their identity?
• What role did nationalism and religion play in
  forming new aspects of the national identity
  following significant contact with the West?

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Significantly New Identities After Meeting the
West
Identities Intact After Meeting the West
Old Identities Before Meeting The West

• Tokugawa - Edo
• W/ Shogunate- Diamyo - Samurai
• Emperor only figurehead
• standardizing weights, laws, roads
• economy grew
• Strict isolationalist
• unique Japanese culture flourished
• high literacy rates
• Shinto religion
• some industrial expansion
• financial difficulties

• 1853 Commodore Perry enters Japan with superior
  naval force
• Japan forced to open ports to trade
• Samurai win civil war - traditionalists gone -
  Meiji restoration
• samurai remain but become bureaucrats
• education remains but becomes expanded and
  universalized
• Industry but now much more modern
• women still inferior
• Shintoism stronger

• new Western ways adopted in govt and industry
• modern military
• Buddhism restricted
• Japanese culture adopts Western culture -hair,
  diet, fashion

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Significantly New Identities After Meeting the
West
Identities Intact After Meeting the West
Old Identities Before Meeting The West

• 1798- France briefly battle Egypt (Napoleon)
• 1801 British Ottoman forces in Egypt
• 1805 -1840 Muhammed Ali controls Egypt -
• modernizes army
• Increase agriculture
• modernizes infrastructure
• Khedives follow and are ineffective
• focus only on cotton
• Muslim identity - important meeting place for
  Middle Eastern Muslims

• 1859-1869 Suez Canal built
• modernize but more Europeans
• agriculture still remains the basis - no
  diversity
• more railroads and infrastructure, dams, Suez
  Canal

• foreigners in population
• European domination in politics
• Muslim identities in conflict with Western
  Christian identities
• Ideas of how to deal with Western influences
  develops into Pan-Islamism - unifying Muslim
  Community worldwide
• Accept democraticization of the West and
  scientific ideas
• dont accept ideas of the West - call for return
  to traditional ideas

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What role did nationalism and religion play in
the nations identity prior to significant
contact with the West?
2. What role did nationalism and religion play
in the peoples struggles to retain their
identity?
3. What role did nationalism and religion play
in forming new aspects of the nations identity
following significant contact with the West?
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Egypt and Japan

• Exit ticket
• Write a Dear Abbey letter from one of these point
  of views - express a legitimate concern that a
  person of that time might have
• farmer, merchant, woman, or samurai during the
  Meiji period in Japan
• Or
• peasant, moderate Muslim, or radical Muslim in
  late nineteenth-century Egypt.

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Summary

• Choose a side and write a persuasive response to
  the statement Nationalism was a positive force
  in the second half of the nineteenth century and
  the early twentieth century.
• Either defend or oppose the statement.
• Use your work from the unit, and other research
  to defend your positions.

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Entry Ticket

• Write a reflection piece that describes
• Your reaction to the material in the unit.
• Your predictions for the role nationalism and
  religion will play in the remainder of the
  twentieth century.