The Imperial Republic

1
The Imperial Republic

• Chapter 20

2
Progress and Imperialism

3
William Seward

• 1. Alaska (1860s)
• 2. Midway Islands (1867)

4
Stirrings of ImperialismThe New Manifest Destiny

• closing of the frontier Frederick Jackson
  Turner
• Increase of Foreign Trade
• Increase of Foreign Trade

5
Senator Beveridgefrom Indiana

• We are raising more than we can consume.
  Today, we are making more than we can use.
  Therefore, we must find new markets for our
  produce, new occupation for our capital, new work
  for our labor.

Imperialist fever in Europe
6
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

• we must not fall out of line of the march
• Alfred T. Mahan and the importance of naval power

7
Hemispheric Hegemony

• Secretary of State James Blaine expands Americas
  influence in Latin America
• Cleveland and a near war with Britain over
  boundary dispute with Venezuela

8
Hawaii

• Pressure for American Presence
• Lead-in History
• Another Genocide

9
Hawaii Continued

• American Impact
• treaty of annexation tied up in party politics
  finally ratified 1898

10
Samoan Islands

• 1878 Hayes administration extracts treaty from
  Samoan leaders giving them access to harbor at
  Pago Pago and a hand in their dealings with
  other countries

11
War With Spain

• Impact changing American attitude from idea to
  fierce expression.

12
Controversy over Cuba

• Cubans resisting Spanish rule since 1868 battle
  for independence in which US does not intervene
• 1895 Cuba rises up again

13
Pulitzer vs. Hearst Yellow Journalism

14
Cuba Libre clubs
-Cleveland and McKinley different attitudes
towards war -1897 Cuban insurrection loosing
ground looks as if war might be averted
15
Two events that changed everything

• Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter that was intercepted
  that called McKinley weak
• American battleship Maine

McKinley asks for Declaration of War April 25
16
A Splendid Little War

• April to August 1898
• mopping up exercise
• Problems facing the American Soldier

17
Seizing the Philippines

• No agency in the American military had clear
  authority over strategic planning (pre-Pentagon)
• Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt
18
Philippines Continued

• On May 1 1898 Dewey sailed into Manila Bay and
  completely destroyed the aging Spanish fleet
• What had begun as a war to free Cuba was

19
Battle for Cuba

• hurried incompetence is the character of the US
  invasion
• Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

20
Cuba Continued

• Spanish surrender
• Terms of surrender

21
Puerto Rico and the United States

• many rebellions against Spain during the 1800s
• annexation takes place with little controversy in
  the US

22
The Debate over the Philippines

• large and densely populated territory thousands
  of miles away
• McKinley claimed divine guidance for his decision
  to accept responsibility for the islands

23
Treaty of Paris 1898

• Confirmed terms of the Armistice re Cuba, Guam
  and PR

24
Debate Continued

• Powerful anti-imperialist movement in the United
  States
• Powerful pro-imperialist forces

25
Debate Continued

• Uncivilized Filipinos status of American
  Indians
• William Jennings Bryan surprise support backfires

26
The Republic as Empire-Governing the Colonies

• Some American Dependencies presented little
  problems Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico
• Cuba was a problem
• Rebellion to Yankee Imperialism

27
The Philippine War

• Results
• American miscalculations
• Decision more brutal
• Secure Possession
• Aguinaldo captured and signs treaty urging
  followers to stop fighting

28
The Open Door

• China had long represented a major economic
  interest to western powers
• McKinley wants America to have trading power in
  China but wishes to avoid war
• Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are
  ready to accord the open door to others

29
The Open Door Continued

• John Hay comes up with Open Door Notes
  addressed to England, Germany, Russia, France,
  Japan and Italy and had three parts

30
The Open Door Continued, Again

• Some negative response to Open Door, but Jay
  asserts that its final and definitive
• Boxer Rebellion
• McKinley and Hay use the Rebellion as a
  springboard for Open Door policy

31
Modern Military System

• Spanish American War demonstrated tremendous
  problems in American military
• McKinley appoints Elihu Root, a corporate lawyer
  from New York, to supervise military overhaul
  between 1900-1903