Bell Work

1
Bell Work

• What would provoke someone to travel to a new
  land they have never seen before?
• If you were going on this adventure, what are
  some things you would take? Why would you take
  them?
• How would you deal with the natives of that land?
  Why would you deal with them that way?

2
Unit 1

• The Europeans Settle North America
• Chapters 2

3
COLONIAL PERIOD
COLONIZATION IS A NATURAL OUTGROWTH OF EXPLORATION
MERCANTILISM (a nations power is directly
related to its wealth )

• COLONIES EXIST TO BENEFIT THE MOTHER COUNTRY

3 MAJOR COUNTRIES TOOK THE LEAD IN COLONIZING
THE NEW WORLD

• SPAIN
• FRANCE
• ENGLAND

4
Section 1European Settlements in North America

• Treaty of Tordesillas- divided the oceans
  unknown lands between Spain and Portugal
• 1494
• Portugal Brazil
• Spain Americas
• England, Holland and France did not accept

5
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH OBJECTIVES IN THE NEW WORLD

• SPREAD RELIGION ?GOD
• POWER GLORY ? GLORY
• EXPAND BOUNDARIES
• WEALTH ?GOLD

COLONIES LOCATED IN SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL
AMERICA SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA
6
Spanish ConquistadorsGod, Glory, Gold

• Conquistadors- Spanish explorers
• Pioneered the exploration of the new world
• Ponce de Leon- looked for gold and the Fountain
  of Youth
• Landed on the state of Florida in 1513
• 1565 ?The oldest city in America,
  St. Augustine was founded in Florida

7
Spanish Conquistadors Cont.

• Hernan Cortes- landed in Mexico in 1519 to
  conquer the Aztec Empire
• Natives thought the Spanish were Gods
• Crushed the Aztec Empire
• Brought new language and new religion
  Christianity
• His success actually inspired others to search
  for gold and glory in the New World

8
Other Conquistadors

• In 1527, about 400 other explorers explored
• Florida, Texas, New Mexico, all the way to the
  Pacific Ocean
• All in search of the 7 Golden Cities
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
• Conquered some Pueblo people but found no gold
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
• No explores found much gold, turned to Mexico for
  mining

9
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH EXPLORERS 1513 JUAN PONCE DE LEON
FLORIDA 1513 VASCO DE BALBOA PACIFIC
OCEAN 1519 HERNANDO CORTES - CONQUERED
AZTECS 1527 CABEZA DE VACA 7 GOLDEN
CITIES 1541 HERNANDO DE SOTO FLA, MISS. RIVER
BASIN 1541 - FRANSISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED INCAS
CONQUISTADOR
- CONQUEROR
10
CHECK POINT

• What were the main goals of Spanish explorers?

11
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH SOCIETY IN THE NEW WORLD
PENINSULARIES
- PURE SPANISH born in Spain came to America
CREOLES
- born in America but were of pure Spanish decent
EUROPEAN
- PART SPANISH / PART INDIAN
MESTIZO
MULATTO
- PART SPANISH / PART AFRICAN
INDIAN
AFRICAN
ZAMBO
- PART INDIAN / PART AFRICAN
Missionaries- church members who taught and
converted others to Christianity Taught Roman
Catholic beliefs
12
Spanish Land and Labor
Government viceroyalties province by a
representative of the monarch

• Native Americans used a laborers
• Encomienda system ? landowners received grants
  from the king, which gave them the right to
  control the people of the certain area
• Haciendas large estates that use slave labor

13
Spanish Land and Labor Cont.

• Pueblo Revolt (1680)
• Where? New Mexico
• Who? Pope- leader of the Pueblo Indians
• What? Revolted against Spanish missionary system
  
• Successful ? Pueblo Culture survived

14
SPAIN IN AMERICA
SPANISH GOVT DOMINATED COLONIAL AFFAIRS
SPANISH WERE SEEKERS OF WEALTH
SPANISH ENSLAVED THE INDIANS
RELIGION (ROMAN CATHOLIC) PLAYS A BIG ROLE
15
Bell work 09/25/08

• Please read the primary source worksheet found on
  your desk.
• On your own, answer the questions on the back of
  the worksheet.

16
England

• Queen Elizabeth I built England into a
  powerful sea nation
• Sir Francis Drake
• Attacked Spanish ships for there gold and silver
• Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588
• War between England and Spain
• Opened English colonization to the New World

17
What does this picture of the queen attempt to
convey about her reign and her character?Look at
the details in the picture.
18
France

• Giovanni de Verrazano in 1524
• Carolinas to Maine
• Jacques Cartier in 1534
• St. Lawrence River and Quebec

19
Objective

• d. Explain the reasons for the French
  settlement of Quebec.

20
The French Settle Quebec

• Early Exploration-
• French explorers claimed areas along the
  northeastern Atlantic seaboard.
• Quebec became the first permanent French colony
  in North America.
• New France-
• France established posts around the Great Lakes
  extending down the Mississippi to the Gulf of
  Mexico.

21
The French Settle Quebec

• Relations with Native Americans-
• France established a lasting relationship with
  Native Americans due to small numbers of settlers
  in New France (c. 70,000 in 1754).
• Fur Trade Established-
• Due to many inland rivers and abundant forests,
  the French established a solid fur trade with
  Indians and many forts in the interior of the
  continent.

22
New Netherlands(Holland/Dutch)

• Large fleet of merchant ships
• Henry Hudson in 1609
• Northwest Passage
• Hudson River and Hudson Bay in Canada

23
New Netherlands(Holland/Dutch)

• Dutch West Indian Company (proprietor)
• traded fur around Hudson Bay
• Government enforced by proprietor
• Religious freedom
• Patroons land granted to individuals
• Similar to a feudal system
• Worked as tenants
• New Netherlands drew many settlers

24
Bell Work

• Please turn to page 46 and complete the key
  terms and people.

25
Bell Work 10/01/08

• Please read the biography of John Rolfe and
  answer the questions on the back side.
• (This is on the purple worksheet you were given
  as you entered the door.)

26
Section 2

• First Colonies

27
The Lost Colony of Roanoke

• What happened to the colonists of Roanoke Island?
  
• Sir Walter Raleigh was an adventurer, a poet, and
  a favorite of Queen Elizabeth at court. With her
  permission, he sent several expeditions to the
  Atlantic coast of North America. He named the
  entire region Virginiaafter Elizabeth, known as
  the virgin queen.
• Early attempts at settlement failed, but in 1587
  Raleigh sent out a new expedition of soldiers and
  more than 100 settlers, mostly families. The
  groups governor, John White, wanted to create a
  self-sufficient colony. They settled on Roanoke
  Island, a three-mile-wide strip of land off
  present-day North Carolina, and became friendly
  with Manteo, leader of the local Croatoan
  Indians. Soon after the colonists landed on
  Roanoke, Whites granddaughter Virginia Dare was
  born. She was the first English child born in
  North America.
• The English settlers had landed too late in the
  season to plant crops, so White headed back to
  England for supplies. What happened next is one
  of the great mysteries in American history.

28

• England was at war with Spain, so White had to
  wait three long years before obtaining a ship to
  return to Roanoke. In August 1590 he and his men
  approached Roanoke Island. They saw a light in
  the darkness and rowed toward it, blowing a
  trumpet and singing English songs to let the
  settlers know they were friends. There was no
  answer.
• In the morning they landed and found the village
  in ruins, overgrown with trees and shrubs. The
  only clue White found was the word Croatoan
  carved on a post. The settlers had buried chests
  full of pictures, books, maps, and other goods.
  These chests now lay strewn about, destroyed.
• White hoped to find the settlers, including his
  family, on nearby Croatoan Island, but bad
  weather forced him away. No trace of the lost
  colony was ever found.
• People have tried to solve the mystery of Roanoke
  Island ever since. Perhaps the settlers sought
  refuge with local Indians, or were killed by
  Indians. Maybe they were wiped out by a violent
  storm or severe drought. But so far, no one knows
  the true fate of the lost colony of Roanoke.

29
(No Transcript)
30
objective

• a. Explain Virginias development include the
  Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation,
  relationships with Native Americans (such as
  Powhatan), development of the House of Burgesses,
  Bacons Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

31
Explain Virginias Development

• Roanoke-
• The first attempt by the England to settle North
  America (1585).
• Walter Raleigh was in charge of this expedition
• Failed
• Charter rights were given to the London Company

32
Explain Virginias Development Cont.

• Joint-Stock Company-
• A company formed which gathers money from
  investors for exploration, settlement, and
  profit.
• Responsible for governing and maintaining
  colonies
• In return got most of the colonies profit.
• . Plymouth Co. and the London Co. (joint stock
  companies)
• responsible for colony and took home the profit
  from colony

33
The Virginia Company(the old London Company)

• Jamestown Established-
• In 1607, the colony was the first permanent
  English colony in North America.
• Jamestown Survives-
• Disease, manual labor, Natives, and swampland
  made the first two years difficult.

34
The Virginia Company

• John Smith-
• Due to bad government near chaos, Smith was
  eventually elected president of the local council
  in September 1608.
• He instituted a policy of rigid discipline,
  strengthened defenses, and encouraged farming
  with this statement "He who does not work, will
  not eat."

35
Jamestown, 1607
36
Bell Work 09/30/08

• Please begin to work on the front side of the
  worksheet that you were given. Before you answer
  the question at the bottom, please under line
  these words in the paragraph you are reading.
• Words you need to know for the worksheet
• Provisions food and supplies
• Sturgeon fish
• Palisadoes plant used for food
• Oppressed- broke our spirits

37
Tobacco Cultivation

• John Rolfe-
• Saved Jamestown by planting tobacco.
• Pocahontas-
• Married John Rolfe.
• She helped Jamestown colonists plant tobacco.

38
Pocahontas Powhatan
39
Tobacco Cultivation

• cash crop-
• A crop grown for profit.
• tobacco-
• Became the leading crop of Jamestown after 1612
  and help create wealth for Virginia.
• The tobacco crop helped spawn a new wave of
  immigration into the colony.

40
Virginias Relationship with Native Americans

• Chief Powhatan-
• Leader of the Native American tribes in Virginia
  who fought the settlers of Jamestown.
• Eventually, Powhatan traded with Jamestown.
• Conflict in Virginia-
• Fighting between Virginians and Native Americans
  continued throughout the 1620s-1640s.

41
Virginia continued to grow

• headright system- 50 acre grants of land
• - each family received one headright for each
  family member and servant they had
• Anyone who paid for another person's passage got
  an additional headright
• VA. Co. brought artisans and 100 women to the
  colony to help it grow and to make it more stable.

42
Development of the House of Burgesses

• representative government-
• A government in which the people elect their own
  officials.
• rights of citizens-
• Political philosophy in which the people have
  rights in which the government cannot take away.

43
Development of the House of Burgesses

• salutary neglect-
• The British governments policy of letting the
  colonies govern themselves.
• House of Burgesses-
• Established in 1619 as the first elected assembly
  (as part of the governor and appointed council).

44
House of Burgesses Cont.

• Only white male land owners could be a member
• Had the Power to raise taxes and make laws
• Americas 1st legislature

45
Bacons Rebellion

• Indentured Servant-
• Immigrant from Europe who agreed to work in
  exchange for passage to North America.
• Made up a large part of the VA population
• Following Bacons Rebellion, the number of
  indentured servants decreased dramatically.

46
Bacons Rebellion

• Nathaniel Bacon-
• Aristocratic leader of the 1676 rebellion in
  Virginia.
• Bacons Rebellion-
• Armed conflict over land disputes between
  settlers and Native Americans bringing fighting
  from western Virginia to Jamestown.
• The result was a large reduction of indentured
  servants.

47
The Development of Slavery

• slave system-
• System in which Africans were brought to the
  Americas to perform laborious work (primarily
  agriculture in the South).
• Following Bacons Rebellion (1676), the number of
  slaves arriving to the colonies increased
  dramatically.

48
The Development of Slavery

• plantation system-
• Large self-sufficient farms used grow one or more
  cash crops for profit.
• Found primarily in the Southern Colonies.

49
The Stuart Dynasty

• Religious Dissent-
• Disagreement with an established church.
• Occurred in England during the reign of the
  Stuart Kings.
• Many people begin to leave England in search for
  religious freedom.

50
Bell Work 10/06/08

• Please complete the vocabulary builder worksheet
  that you were handed as you entered the room.

51
Section 3

• Northern Colonies

52
objective

• b. You will be able to describe the settlement of
  New England including religious reasons,
  relations with Native Americans (e.g. King
  Philips War), the establishment of town meetings
  and development of a legislature, religious
  tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode
  Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials.

53
Describe the Settlement of New England

• Anglican Church-
• Englands official church.
• Puritans-
• Opposed the rule of the Catholic Stuart Kings.
• Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of its
  Catholic rituals.
• Wanted simpler services
• Objected to the wealth and power of priests

54
Describe the Settlement of New England

• Separatists (Pilgrims)-
• more strict Puritans that wanted to remove all
  traces of Catholicism from their religious
  practice
• Wanted total separation from Anglican Church.
• Left for North America and established the Colony
  of Plymouth in 1620
• South of Boston, MA.
• William Bradford- leader of the Puritans on the
  Mayflower
• Governor of Plymouth colony in 1621
• Died in 1657

55
Describe the Settlement of New England

• Mayflower Compact (1620)-
• First effort of self-government in New England.
• 41 men signed
• Plymouth Colony-
• Established by the Pilgrims in 1619
• Present day Massachusetts
• becomes Massachusetts Bay Colony.

56
Describe the Settlement of New England

• Very harsh first winter- half died of hunger,
  cold or illness
• Wampanoag Indians helped those who did survive
• Following year- corn harvest was successful
• held feast with Indian friends? Thanksgiving

57
Describe the Settlement of New England

• Jonathan Winthrop-
• Puritan minister
• establish the colony of Massachusetts Bay in
  1630.
• a city upon a hill to be a model society
• strict Puritan beliefs.
• Massachusetts Bay Colony-
• Established in 1630 as a model Puritan society.
• The large immigration of settlers to the colony
• Great Migration (1630-1650).

58
Religion in New England

• Puritanism-
• Puritans followed the beliefs of John Calvin
• lead moral lives through thrift, diligence, hard
  work, and strict codes.
• In Massachusetts, towns spread rapidly and were
  led by local leaders of the Puritan Church.

59
Religion in New England

• Church Leaders-
• Puritan leaders were not tolerant of outsiders
  and dissenting opinions of members.
• Those who dissented were usually banished form
  the colony.

60
Half-Way Covenant

• Church Membership-
• Began to decline and was challenged by new
  generations of Puritan offspring.
• Half-Way Covenant-
• Established partial membership into the Church
  for children and grandchildren of full members in
  an effort to keep members and attract new ones.

61
Religious Tensions

• Roger Williams-
• Dissenter who disagreed with strict Puritan
  Massachusetts.
• Formed Rhode Island
• Anne Hutchinson-
• Major dissenter
• banished from Massachusetts
• helped found Rhode Island.

62
New England Government

• Town Hall Meetings-
• Chose delegates, set taxes, dealt with local
  issues
• Voting limited to church members and property
  owners
• Closest thing to a democracy in Colonies
• Massachusetts Legislature-
• Established by the local towns in an effort
  provide provincial leadership.
• In 1684, Massachusetts lost its charter and a new
  legislature was established.
• Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691.

63
Objective

• c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic
  colonies include the Dutch settlement of New
  Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and
  the settlement of Pennsylvania.

64
New England Colonies

• The Colonies of New England-
• Four colonies made up the smallest of the three
  regions, but became one of the most populous
  region.

65
Salem Witchcraft Trials

• Salem Witchcraft Trials-
• In 1692, several young girls claimed to be
  possessed by the devil.
• To protect the Puritan faith, trials were held to
  set an example and to find guilt for the accused.
• Condemned to Death-
• Eventually, 20 of the accused were condemned to
  death.

66
Relations with Native Americans

• Period of Peace-
• Early relationships between the first settlers of
  Massachusetts and Plymouth were strengthened by
  peace and cooperation.
• Pequot War-
• War fought between the Pequot and Puritans over
  territorial expansion (16361638).
• King Philips War-
• The Wampanoag Indians, led by Metacom (King
  Philip) in 1675.
• -resistance to English settlers
• -colonist attacked an burned villages and crops

67
Section 4

• Middle and Southern Colonies

68
New Era in Colonization

• Parliament wins the Civil war in England and
  Oliver Cromwell creates a new government
• The Restoration
• Cromwell dies and the new parliament invites King
  Charless son (Charles II) to be king again
• Repays debts by giving away proprietary colonies
• Grants of land in the new world that were given
  to loyal friends
• NY, NJ, Carolina, and PA

69
The Restoration Colonies
The Middle Colonies
70
Pennsylvania
71
Why did William Penn settle in Pennsylvania?

• 1640s England had a civil war b/w parliament and
  King
• William Penns father was on the parliaments side
  but secretly gave money to King Charles I of
  England
• After the war, Admiral Penn (William Penns
  father) was owed a lot of money
• Admiral Penns son, William was a problem
• William Penn joined a religious group called the
  Quakers
• Wrote dozens of books and pamphlets criticizing
  the English church
• Like other Quakers, was jailed for his beliefs

72
Why did William Penn settle in Pennsylvania?

• When Williams father died, the King still owed
  him a lot of money
• Even though William clashed with England they
  still repaid his family
• William Penn was given a large amt. of land in N.
  America
• named this area Pennsylvania or Penns Woods
• Became a safe-haven for all Quakers

73
The Quakers

• Called Quakers because they quaked during
  intense religious practices.
• They offended religious secular leaders in
  England.
• Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of
  England.
• They met without paid clergy
• Believed all were children of God? refused to
  treat the upper classes with deference.
• Keep hats on.
• Addressed them as commoners ? thees/thous.
• Wouldnt take oaths.
• Pacifists- did not want to make or participate in
  war

74
William Penn

• Aristocratic Englishman.
• 1660 attracted tothe Quaker faith.
• Embraced Quakerismafter military service.
• 1681 ? he received agrant from king toestablish
  a colony.
• This settled a debt the king owed his father.
• Named Pennsylvania Penns Woodland.
• He sent out paid agents and advertised for
  settlers ? his pamphlets were pretty honest.
• Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

75
Royal Land Grant to Penn
76
Penn Native Americans

• Bought didnt simply take land from Indians.
• Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.
• BUT.. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
• Treated native peoples poorly.
• This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

77
Penns Treaty with theNative Americans
78
Government of Pennsylvania

• Representative assembly elected by landowners.
• No tax-supported church.
• Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.
• Catholic Jews could worship freely but could
  NOT vote or hold
• Death penalty only for treason murder.
• Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

79
Pennsylvanian Society

• Attracted many different people
• Religious misfits from other colonies.
• Many different ethnic groups.
• No provision for military defense.
• No restrictions on immigration.
• No slavery!!
• Blue Laws sumptuary laws ? against stage
  plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic
opportunity, civil liberty, religious freedom!!
80
Philadelphia Boston Compared
81
Urban Population Growth1650 - 1775
82
Settling the Middle or Restoration Colonies
83
Objective

• Students should understand the unusual
  origins of New York as the property of a
  for-profit company whose citizens insisted on
  their own government. how the Dutch share a
  legacy in colonial America with the British.

84
Bell Work

• Please turn in your vocab builder worksheet from
  yesterday. If you were gone yesterday pick one
  up from the make up work drawer on the table.
• Please complete the worksheet you were given as
  you walked into class.
• There will be a quiz over the material covered in
  section four. This will be you qt. exam.

85
How New Netherlands became New York
86
Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands

• 1600s ? Golden Age of Dutch history.
• Major commercial and naval power.
• Challenging England on the seas.
• 3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars
• Major colonial power mainly in the East Indies.

87
Henry Hudsons Voyages
Henry Hudson established New World claims for the
Dutch in what would become the New York area, and
for the English in northern Canada.
88
New Netherlands

• New Netherlands ? founded in the Hudson River
  area (1623-1624)
• Established by Dutch West India Company for
  quick-profit fur trade.
• Company wouldnt pay much attention to the
  colony.
• Manhattan New Amsterdam
• Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000)
  acre.

89
New Netherlands

• New Netherland covered parts of what are now the
  states of MD, DE, PN , NJ, NY, CN, and RI
• French and English interests in the northern part
  lead to the adjustment of the border
• Capital was New Amsterdam

90
New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639

• Company town run in interests of the
  stockholders.
• No interest in religious toleration, free
  speech, or democracy.
• Governors appointed by the Company were
  autocratic (self-appointed).
• Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed
  Church including Quakers were persecuted.
• Local assembly with limited power to make laws
  established after repeated protests by colonists.

91
New Amsterdam, 1660

• Characteristics of New Amsterdam
• Aristocratic ? patroonships feudal estates
  granted to promoters who would settle 50 people
  on them.
• Cosmopolitan ? diverse population with many
  different languages.

92
New York Manors Land Grants Patroonships
93
New Netherlands New Sweden
94
Swedes in New Netherlands

• Mid-1600s ? Sweden in Golden Age settled small,
  under-funded colony called New Sweden near
  New Netherland.
• 1655 ? Dutch under director-general Peter
  Stuyvesant attack New Sweden.
• Main fort fell after bloodless siege.
• New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

95
New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony

• Charles II granted New Netherlands land to his
  brother, the Duke of York, before he controlled
  the area!
• 1664 ? English soldiers arrived.
• Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.
• Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a
  shot.
• Renamed New York
• England gained strategic harbor between her
  northern southern colonies.
• England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

96
Duke of Yorks Original Charter
97
New Amsterdam, 1664
98
Dutch Residue in New York
Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.
New York Cityseal.

• Names ? Harlem, Brooklyn
• Architecture ? gambrel roof
• Customs ? Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles,
  bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf golf.

99
New Jersey
100
New Jersey PAs Neighbor

• 1664 ? aristocratic proprietors rcvd. the area
  from the Duke of York.
• Many New Englanders because of worn out soil
  moved to NJ.
• 1674 ? West NJ sold to Quakers.
• East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.
• 1702 ? E W NJ combined into NJ and created one
  colony.

101
Delaware
102
Delaware PAs Neighbor

• Named after Lord De La Warr harsh military
  governor of VA in 1610.
• Closely associated with Penns colony.
• Very diverse group of people (religiously and
  culturally)
• 1703 ? granted its own assembly.
• Remained under the control of PA until the
  American Revolution.

103
Ethnic Groups
104
The Southern Colonies The Carolinas
105
The West Indies ? Way Station to Mainland America

• 1670 ? a group of small English farmers from the
  West Indies arrived in Carolina.
• Were squeezed out by sugar barons.
• Brought a few black slaves and a model of the
  Barbados slave code with them.
• Names for King Charles II.
• The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters Lord
  Proprietors.
• They hoped to use Carolina to supply their
  plantations in Barbados with food and export
  wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

106
Settling the Lower South
107
Colonizing the Carolinas

• Carolina developed close economic ties to the
  West Indies.
• Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the
  West Indies.
• They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other
  Indians about 10,000 and send them to the West
  Indies and some to New England.
• 1707 ? Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.
• PA promised better relations with whites.
• Carolinians decided to thin the Savannahs
  before they could leave ? bloody raids killed
  most of them by 1710.

108
Port of Charles Town, SC

• Also named for King Charles II of England.
• Became the busiest port in the South.
• City with aristocratic feel.
• Religious toleration attracted diverse
  inhabitants.

109
Crops of the Carolinas Rice

• The primary export.
• Rice was still an exotic food in England.
• Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West
  African slaves.
• These slaves had a genetic trait that made them
  immune to malaria.
• By 1710 ? black slaves were a majority in
  Carolina.

American Long Grain Rice
110
Crops of theCarolinas Indigo

• In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as
  a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven
  into cloth for clothes.
• Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye
  for cotton work clothes blue jeans.

111
Rice Indigo Exportsfrom SC GA 1698-1775
112
Conflict With Spanish Florida

• Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on
  their borders.
• Anglo-Spanish Wars
• The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.
• Either inciting local Native Americans to attack
  or attacking themselves.
• By 1700 ? Carolina was too strong to be wiped out
  by the Spanish!

113
The Emergence of North Carolina

• Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA
• VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were
  generally Church of England members.
• Dissenters from VA moved south to northern
  Carolina.
• Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
• Religious dissenters.
• Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
• Irreligious hospitable to pirates.
• Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
• 1712 ? NC officially separated from SC.

114
Georgia
115
18c Southern Colonies
116
Late-Coming Georgia

• Founded in 1733.
• Last of the 13 colonies.
• Named in honor of King George II.
• Founded by James Oglethorpe.

117
Georgia--The Buffer Colony

• James Oglethorpe created Georgia
• Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia
• As a buffer between the valuable Carolinas
  Spanish Florida French Louisiana.
• Received subsidies
  from British govt.
  
  to offset costs of defense.
• Export silk and wine.
• A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
• Determined to keep slavery out!
• Slavery found in GAby 1750.

118
Establishment of Georgia

• James Oglethorpe-
• Founded Georgia as a proprietary colony (colony
  controlled by investors) for debtors.
• The colony also served as a buffer between
  profitable South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
• In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony.

119
The Port City of Savannah

• Diverse community.
• All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious
  toleration.
• Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians ?
  most famous was John Wesley.

120
The Dutch Settle New Amsterdam

• Charles gives his brother land that the Dutch
  already claimed
• New Amsterdam-
• The colony of New Netherlands was settled by the
  Dutch.
• In 1625, Dutch traders established New Amsterdam
  as their main trading post in 1625.
• The Dutch built a thriving trade system and farms
  along the Hudson River.

121
English Takeover of New Amsterdam

• New York-
• King Charles II ordered the takeover of New
  Amsterdam in 1664.
• A small English fleet took the city without a
  fight from the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant.
• The colony became a proprietary colony under the
  kings brother (James, Duke of York).
• The colony and city were renamed New York in
  honor of the Duke.

122
Explain the Development of the Mid-Atlantic
Colonies

• Diversity in the Region-
• The most culturally diverse region
• The region relied on commerce and farming for .
• Largest Cities in Colonies
• Philadelphia
• New York
• Closer relationship with Native Americans
• Inland rivers
• heavy forests

123
Establishment of the Carolinas

• Carolina Colony-
• The colony was founded in 1670 in honor of
  Charles II.
• Charles Town was established as the provincial
  capital.
• The colony was divided into North and South in
  1691 and became profitable selling tobacco, rice,
  indigo, and cotton.
• In 1729, the colony became a royal colony.

124
Establishment of Georgia

• James Oglethorpe-
• Founded Georgia as a proprietary colony (colony
  controlled by investors) for debtors.
• The colony also served as a buffer between
  profitable South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
• Slavery and alcohol were originally prohibited.
• In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony.

125
Establishment of Georgia
Colonial Savannah
Colonial Savannah
126
The Settlement of Pennsylvania

• William Penn-
• Quaker whose father was owed a debt by King
  Charles II.
• In 1680, land was granted to begin a new colony
  west of the Delaware River.
• The city of Philadelphia was established as a
  capital and haven for a diversity of religious
  faiths.

127
The Settlement of Pennsylvania

• The Quakers-
• A religious faith in which followers sought an
  Inner Light, were pacifists, tolerant, and
  treated women as equals.

128
New Jersey Delaware are Established

• New Jersey-
• In 1664, the area between the Hudson and Delaware
  rivers was granted colony status as New Jersey.
• The land was divided between Quakers in the south
  and Scots-Irish in the north.
• Delaware-
• Originally began as a Swedish colony (1638) and
  only prospered for two decades before being taken
  over by the Dutch in 1655 (and later, the
  English).

129
Maryland Established

• Lord Baltimore
• Landed in Newfoundland, Canada (to cold)
• Kick out at Jamestown (religion)
• Died before King granted land
• Son Cecilius Calvert granted rights in 1632
• Attracted more Protestants than Catholics
• Tolerance Act
• Protected rights of all to practice own religion

130
Explain the Development of the Mid-Atlantic
Colonies

• Maryland Toleration Act (1649)-
• Passed in 1649
• mandating religious toleration.
• The Calverts, who founded Maryland, needed to
  attract settlers to make the colonial venture
  profitable.
• In order to protect the Catholics from the
  immigrating Puritans and Protestants, the
  Calverts supported the Act Concerning Religion.

131
Chapter 3

• Colonial Life

132
The Development of Mercantilism and
Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Mercantilism-
• Economic system in which nations grow stronger by
  exporting more goods to other nations than
  importing goods from other nations (a positive
  balance of trade).
• Trans-Atlantic Trade-
• Colonies were designed to produce raw materials
  which were sent to England to be made into goods.
• Navigation Acts (16501654)-
• Passed by Parliament in an effort to control
  trade as the colonies could only trade with
  England or pay a tax.

133
Englands rule

• Dominion of New England
• Sir Edmund Andros was governor
• On large colony
• Only appointed council
• Strictly enforced Navigation Acts
• New taxes
• Ordered Anglican services in Boston

134
Glorious Revolution

• King James II
• Wanted Roman Catholic
• Parliament feared Catholic dynasty with birth of
  son
• Asked Mary and William of Orange to be co-rulers
  of England
• Change of leadership known as the Glorious
  Revolution
• Accepted the English Bill or Rights
• Set limits on monarchs powers free speech
  control of taxes

135
Glorious Revolution cont.

• Several colonist opposed Glorious Revolution
• Small uprising
• Arrested Sir Edmond Andros and other leaders
  sent back to England
• Ended Dominion of New England
• Elected assembly granted to New York

136
First Government

• Colonist wanted same rights as people in England
  
• English Bill of Rights didnt apply to colonies
• Several formed the United Colonies of New England
• New England Confederation, in 1643
• Confederation- a group in which each member keeps
  control of its own internal affairs

137
First Government cont.

• Town Meeting
• Parish or county
• Saw elected assembly as a basic rights
• Bicameral (2 houses)
• Governors council and lower house
• Each colony had a governor
• Usually rich and influential men
• Veto acts, command military forces, made
  treaties, chose minor officials
• Lacked ways to back up power

138
Section 2

• Colonial Economy

139
Objective

• a. Explain the development of mercantilism and
  the trans-Atlantic trade.

140
Northern Colonial Economies

• Farming- influenced by land and climate
• New England- thin, rocky soil long winters
  short growing season
• Substance farming- grow enough for you family
• Middle Colonies- better land and milder climate
• Grew wheat to sell as grain and flour raised
  cattle and hogs for export

141
Northern Colonial Economies cont.

• Natural Resources-
• Early settlers most important resources were
  thick forests and fur-bearing animals
• Colonist was timber and fish
• Timber sent to England as raw material (planks,
  shingles and siding)
• Shipyards were largest single work force in
  colonies
• Cheaper to make ships in American than in England
• Large amounts of timber
• About 33,000 people
• Whale Industry
• Oils, perfumes, candles, and womens corsets

142
Objective

• b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the
  African population, and African-American culture.

143
The Slave Trade

• Triangular Trade Routes-
• The demand for African slaves increased the
  number of slaves in route to the Americas.
• Slaves were brought across the Atlantic to the
  Americas.
• Ships crossed the Atlantic and returned to Africa
  with goods to be used to purchase slaves.

144
Trade Routes
145
The Middle Passage

• Middle Passage-
• The forced transportation of African slaves
  aboard cramped ships caused suffering and
  inhumane treatment.

146
African Populations

• Growth of Slavery-
• Slavery expanded during the 1600s and 1700s as
  the demand for plantation agriculture expanded in
  the Southern colonies.
• Many slaves did not share the same culture
  (language or religion) creating a mix of cultures
  in slave communities.

147
Slave Culture

• The Culture of Slavery-
• The life of slaves was determined by the colonial
  region.
• In the South,
• harvesting crops and agricultural products.
• In the North,
• worked in cities
• earn an income to pay for their freedom.

148
Use of Slaves and Land

• Cash Crop- agricultural products grown to be sold
  
• Plantations- a large farm, with hundreds of
  unskilled labor that grew cash crops
• Virginia tobacco
• South Carolina Rice and Indigo (a blue dye)
• Yeoman small farms that raised livestock,
  grains, fruit, and vegetables
• Exported meat, sold fruit and grain at home market

149
Slave Rebel

• Plantation owners were scared of a major
  rebellion
• Slaves physically resisted and rebelled
• Protested sabotage to building or tools
• Ran away
• Usually captured and punished or killed
• Stono Rebellion (1739)
• 100 South Carolina slaves stole weapons from a
  firearms shop
• Killed several people

150
Section 3

• Americas Emerging Culture

151
Benjamin Franklin

• Ben Franklin-
• Epitomized the colonial spirit of social mobility
  and individualism.
• Franklin was a scientist, political statesmen,
  printer, and writer of American literature.
• Poor Richards Almanac.

152
Benjamin Franklin

• Albany Plan of Union-
• 1754 Attempt made by Ben Franklin to organize the
  colonies under one government.
• No colony accepted the terms in the plan fearing
  the loss of autonomy.

153
Social Mobility Individualism

• Social Mobility-
• The ability to move from one social status to
  another.
• In Europe, land was limited and status was
  well-defined making social change almost
  impossible.
• In the Americas, land was plentiful and status
  was less defined making social change allowable.
• Individualism-
• The belief that hard work will bring success.

154
The Great Awakening

• Great Awakening-
• Religious movement which featured passionate
  preaching from evangelical leaders.
• It called on colonists to return to faith and
  embraced revivals.
• The Awakening encouraged colonists to think for
  themselves on religious matters and ensured the
  principles of freedom of religion and the
  separation of church and state.

155
The Great Awakening

• Jonathan Edwards-
• Massachusetts religious leader of the Great
  Awakening
• fiery sermons
• Sinners in he Hands of and Angry God.
• George Whitfield-
• Great Awakening leader who traveled throughout
  the colonies delivering fiery sermons of the
  Gospel.

156
Section 4

• French and Indian War
• 1754-1763

157
The French Indian War

• Land Resources-
• The competition for land, resources which was
  fueled by mercantilism brought the British and
  French in North America into conflict.

158
The French Indian War

• Ohio Valley-
• Area was claimed by both by the Colony of
  Virginia and the French.
• War was sparked when Colonel George Washington
  led a group of Virginia militia into the region
  to lay claim to the land.

159
The French Indian War

• Battle of Fort Necessity (Ohio Valley)-
• The first shot broke out in July 3-4,1754 which
  resulted in the death of a French officer
  sparking increased tensions.
• Washington surrendered the fort and returned to
  Virginia.
• Battle of Fort Monongahela (Ohio Valley)-
• Fought on July 9, 1755 which resulted in a
  British retreat and the death of British General
  Edward Braddock.

160
The French Indian War

• French Indian War (1754-1763)-
• War fought for dominion of North America between
  the French and the British, their Native American
  Allies, and colonists.
• Allies-
• Both the British and French had developed a
  network of Native American allies.

161
The French Indian War
162
The French Indian War

• Early French Victories-
• France won early victories against British forts
  and outposts in New York.
• British Victories-
• Under the leadership of William Pitt and King
  George III, the British assembled a large army
  and defeated the French at Montreal and Quebec
  City.

163
The French Indian War

• Treaty of Paris of 1763-
• Officially ended the war and granted Britain
  claim to Canada.
• Result of the War-
• Britains victory came with a high cost of the
  war and managing new territorial gains in Canada.

164
Before and After War

• Green British
• Yellow French
• Purple Spanish
• Pink Deputed
• Red line Proclamation of 1763

165
Chapter 4
166
English Ideas about Government

• Magna Carta (1215)-
• A document in which English nobles forced King
  John to sign.
• It limited the kings ability to tax, it made him
  seek consent of the nobles to levy new taxes, and
  guaranteed due process.
• English Common Law-
• The compiling of laws over time which has
  established tradition and the rules to govern
  England and its colonies.

167
English Ideas about Government

• Parliament-
• Britains bicameral (two-house) legislature which
  makes law.
• The House of Commons originally was designed to
  represent the majority of people (poor and middle
  classes).
• The House of Lords originally represented the
  interests of the wealthy aristocracy.

168
English Ideas about Government

• Glorious Revolution-
• In 1688, the English King James II abdicated
  (gave up) his thrown and fled to France.
• The new Protestants monarchs agreed to sign the
  English Bill of Rights which restated many rights
  granted by the Magna Carta.

169
English Ideas about Government

• Enlightenment-
• Period in European history in which reason and
  logic were used to figure problems and answer
  questions about life.
• It was led by political thinkers such as John
  Locke who believed that individuals were destined
  to be free.
• In the American colonies, Ben Franklin professed
  the same beliefs.

170
Post-War Politics

• Whig Ideology-
• The Whigs were those who opposed King James II
  and championed Parliamentary government.
• Following the end of the French Indian War,
  Whig ideology became complacent and ineffective.

171
Parliament Action

• Sugar Act of 1764-
• Lowered the tax on sugar.
• Authorized custom officials and courts to
  prosecute smugglers.
• Stamp Act of1765-
• Taxed all paper products - legal documents,
  business records, etc.
• Specified that taxes be paid in "hard money and
  would drain all coinage from the colonies.

172
Parliament Action

• Currency Act of 1764-
• Prohibited the use of paper money in all the
  colonies.
• Quartering Act of1765-
• Law requiring the housing of British troops in
  the colonies.
• The act was aimed at New York which housed the
  military leadership and nearly 10,000 soldiers.

173
Colonial Response

• John Adams-
• Massachusetts lawyer and political writer who
  opposed the taxes and regulation of Parliament in
  colonial affairs.
• Eventually rose to become a delegate to the First
  Continental Congress.

174
Colonial Response

• Patrick Henry-
• Virginia representative who wrote the Virginia
  Resolves in 1765 which argued that only colonial
  assemblies could tax, not Parliament.

175
Colonial Response

• Non-Importation Agreements-
• The boycott of British consumer goods by
  colonists who opposed the Stamp tax.
• Boycott-
• Occurs when consumers refuse to buy goods.

176
Townshend Duties

• Townshend Acts of1767-
• Levied taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass,
  paper, and tea.
• Suspended New York Assembly.
• Created a Board of Customs Commissioners.
• Set up additional Vice-Admiralty Courts in the
  Colonies.
• The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and
  increase regulation in Colonies.

177
The Sons of Liberty

• Sons of Liberty-
• Political action group made up of colonists
  opposed all new taxes and regulations by the
  British.
• Sam Adams-
• Bostonian and political agitator who led the Sons
  of Liberty.
• John Hancock-
• Businessman and smuggler of goods into New
  England who led the Sons of Liberty.

178
Reactions to the Townshend Acts

• Boston Massacre-
• In March of 1770, a group of colonists provoked
  British soldiers who fired into a crowd killing
  five colonists.
• Committees of Correspondence-
• Organized by Sam Adams as a communication network
  between the colonies promoting cooperation and
  unifying colonists.

179
Colonial Crisis

• Gaspee Affair-
• A British revenue schooner that had been
  enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran
  aground in shallow water, on June 9, 1772 off the
  coast of Rhode Island while chasing the packet
  boat Hannah.
• In an act of defiance, the ship was attacked,
  boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by
  American patriots.

180
Colonial Crisis

• Boston Tea Party-
• Parliaments continued support for the monopoly
  on British tea forced further boycotts.
• On December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of
  Liberty boarded three British East India ships
  and dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

181
The Intolerable Acts

• Coercive Acts of 1774-
• Parliament passed as the Coercive Acts
• Closed the port of Boston.
• Instituted a military governor of Massachusetts
  (General Thomas Gage).
• Initiated martial law in Boston.
• Disallowed town meetings.
• Allowed for a strict enforcement of the
  Quartering Act.

182
The Colonies Meet

• First Continental Congress-
• Representatives from the colonies met in
  Philadelphia (September, 1774) to discuss the
  crisis in Massachusetts as a result of the
  Intolerable Acts.
• Congress wrote to the king that they had a right
  to government themselves since they were not
  represented in Parliament.

183
Preparing for War

• Militia-
• Citizen-Soldiers trained to fight.
• Minutemen-
• Militia ready to fight at a moments-notice.
• March on Concord-
• Gage sent troops to (1) capture Hancock and
  Adams, and (2) capture stock piles of weapons and
  munitions.

184
The Battles of Lexington Concord

• April 19, 1775-
• Americans were told of a secret march to Concord.
• Three men (including Paul Revere) rode into the
  night to warn of the march.
• The British marched and confronted 70 minutemen
  on Lexington Green.

185
The Battles of Lexington Concord

• Lexington-
• Fighting broke out when a shot heard round the
  world sparked a war.
• Concord-
• The British arrived at Concord and began burning
  the town and began to march back to Boston.

186
The Battles of Lexington Concord

• The Return March to Boston-
• As soldiers marched back to Boston, Minutemen
  (using the trees for cover) began firing into
  British lines.
• Orderly soldiers began to run back to Boston and
  nearly 200 were killed or wounded.
• The American Revolution began and would last
  eight years.