Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista
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Protozoa (unicellular protists)

• Phylum Sarcodina
• Phylum Ciliophora
• Phylum Zoomastigina
• Phylum Sporoza

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Algae and Fungus

• Phylum Chlorophyta
• Phylum Phaeophyta
• Phylum Rhodophyta
• Phylum Dinoflagellata
• Phylum Chrysophyta
• Phylum Euglenophyta

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Protozoa General Characteristics

• Single celled
• They can move
• Most are heterotrophic (free living, some are
  parasitic)
• Found everywhere there is water
• Are the first link in aquatic food chains
  (zooplankton)

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ProtozoaGeneral Characteristics (cont.)

• Some have eyespots for detecting chemicals and
  light
• Probably evolved from prokaryotic cells 3.5 to 5
  billion years ago through endosymbiosis

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Protozoa Reproduction

• Multiple fission-more than one are produced from
  a binary split
• Conjugation-sexual
• Binary fission-asexual

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Phylum Sarcodina
Movement-Cytoplasmic streaming using amoeboid
movement Structures-Contractile vacuole,
pseudopodia
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Sarcodina Characteristics

• Environmental role-Some have shells called
  Tests, which are made of calcium carbonate.
  This chalky compound colors the Cliffs of Dover
  in England and produced the stones that built the
  pyramids.
• Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery.
  Lives in contaminated food/water. Explosive
  diarrhea and vomiting.

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Phylum Ciliophora
Movement-Cilia Structures-Pellicle, oral groove,
mouth pore, gullet, anal pore, macrocnucleus,
micronucleus Reproduction-Use conjugation
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Phylum Zoomastigina

• Movement-One or more flagella
• Diseases
• Trypanosoma-live in insects, cause African
  Sleeping sickness (Tsetse)
• Leishmania donovani-caused by sandflies, a
  disease of the blood that causes lesions and
  sores, can be fatal

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Zoomastigina Characteristics

• Diseases
• Trypanosoma-live in insects, cause African
  Sleeping sickness (Tsetse)
• Leishmania donovani-caused by sandflies, a
  disease of the blood that causes lesions and
  sores, can be fatal
• Giardia lamblia-Carried by animals (beavers)
  causes explosive diarrhea and abdominal cramping

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Phylum Sporozoa

• Movement-adults carried by blood stream, usually
  parasitic

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Sporozoa Characteristics

• Diseases
• Toxoplasmosis-Protozoan lives in birds, rodents,
  and cats. Is not harmful to adults but can be
  dangerous to developing fetus.
• Plasmodium-Carried by anopheles mosquito. Causes
  Malaria-victims die from anemia, kidney failure,
  or brain damage has killed more people than any
  other Genus, 2.7 million die annually.
• Summary of life cycle

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Algae and Fungus Cereval Characteristics

• Like Protists. Most unicellular, some
  multicellular.
• Range from microscopic to the huge
• Photosynthetic-contains chloroplasts
• No roots, stems, leaves
• Form Gametangia from gametes
• Contain pyrenoids that synthesize starch
• Body called a thallus

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Algae and Fungus Cereval Characteristics (cont.)

• There are four types of Algae
• Unicellular-photoplankton (photosynthetis single
  celled organism that makes up the foundation of
  the food chain.
• Colonial-volvoxgroup of cells acting as one
• Filamentous-spirogyramade of cellular sections
• Multicellular-Ulva (see lettuce)

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Algae and FungusReproduction

• Algae reproduce sexually and asexually
• Must be familiar with the following key
  vocabulary
• Meiosis Mitosis Zoospore
• Zygote Gamete Haploid
• Diploid Gametophyte Sporophyte
• Oogonium Antheridium

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Oedogonium (sexual)
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Oedogonium Reproduction
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Chlamydomas (sexual and asexual)
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ChlamydomasReproduction
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Ulva(Alternation of generations)
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Spirogyra (conjugation)
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Phylum Chlorophyta(green algae)

• Colonial/multicellular
• Most aquatic
• Form symbiotic partnership with bacteria/fungus
  called lechen
• Bottom of food chain

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Phylum Phaeophyta(brown algae)

• Seaweed and kelp
• Cool oceans
• Large and multicellular

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Phylum Rhodophyta(red algae)

• Fresh/salt water
• Deep water algae
• Used to make carageenan which cosmetics, gelatin,
  cheese, agar

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Phylum Bacillariophyta

• Fresh/salt water
• Major component of phytoplankton which is the
  bottom of marine food chain.
• Used to make toothpaste, detergents, paint
  remover, fertilizer, insulators

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Phylum Dinoflagellata

• Most are photosynthetic and unicellular
• Produce Bioluminescence
• Cause red tide

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Phylum Chrysophyta(golden algae)

• Have cysts that can remain frozen
• Important in the production of petroleum deposit
• Two flagella

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Phylum Euglenophyta

• Photosynthetic but can be heterotrophic if
  necessary
• Lives in the guts of many animals (symbiosis)
• General Anatomy

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Fungus-like Protists

• Eat like amoebas but reproduce like fungi
• Structure resembles protists
• Two major phyta acrasiomyta and myxomycota
• Two major phyla of water molds are oomycote and
  chytrimycote

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Acrasiomyta

• They can swim or move by amoebic movement
• If food is scarce they will combine with other
  single celled members and work as a team
  (pseudoplasmodium)

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Myxomycota

• Eats detritis (dead leaves and organic material)
• Produces multicolored visible reproductive
  structures

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Oomycota

• Eats dead fish in aquarium
• Caused potato blight in Ireland and is a pathogen
  for many plants

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Chytridiomycota

• Protist that is heterotrophic on other protists