Baby Boomers and Civil Rights Movement

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Baby Boomers and Civil Rights Movement
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Baby Boomers

• Baby Boom- The sudden increase in births in the
  United States following World War II
• People born between 1946 to 1964 are considered
  baby boomers
• These baby boomers are now between the ages of 64
  and 46
• The baby boom contributed to the growth of
  suburbs

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Definitions

• Civil disobedience-Refusal to obey civil laws in
  an effort to induce change in governmental policy
  or legislation, characterized by the use of
  passive resistance or other nonviolent means.
• Non-violent resistance-Not passive, but behaving
  in a non-violent manner when approached or
  provoked
• Segregation-to separate people according to race

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Declaration of Independence

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
  men are created equal, that they are endowed by
  their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
  that among these are Life, Liberty and the
  pursuit of Happiness.

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Frederick Douglas

• Born a slave-successfully escaped at about age 20
• Editor of an abolitionist newspaper

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On a side note.Are they related??
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Harriet Tubman

• Helped slaves escape through the underground
  tunnel

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John Brown

• He and his sons murdered 5 slave owners in Kansas
  in 1858
• Tried to incite a slave revolt
• Was a conductor on the Underground Railroad

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Amendments

• 13th-Abolished slavery
• 14th-guarenteed all citizens equal protection
  under the law
• 15th-right to vote regardless of race

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Plessy v. Ferguson

• Plessy v. Ferguson In June of 1892 Homer Plessy
  was jailed for sitting in the white car of the
  East Louisiana Railroad Company after identifying
  himself as black, in response to Louisiana
  passing the Separate Car Act
• Plessys case went all the way to the Supreme
  Court, where his lawyer argued that separate cars
  violated the 13th and 14th amendments
• The Plessy v. Ferguson case stated that separate
  but equal public facilities were constitutional
• Jim Crow laws were enforced

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Dallas Bus Station
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Sign in a Texas restaurant
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NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People
• Created by W.E.B. Dubois in 1909
• Fights for equality

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Brown v. Board of Education

• Seven year old Linda Brown has to travel thru a
  train switch yard to get to the bus stop to take
  her to the black school, even though there was
  a white school only a few blocks from her house
• With help from the NAACP, Lindas father fights
  the system
• Landmark case that decided that segregation in
  public schools is illegal-May 17, 1954

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Thurgood Marshall

• Lawyer who fought for Linda Brown
• First African American Supreme Court Justice

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Little Rock Nine

• Many states were not following federal laws, so
  feds were sent in to enforce them
• In 1957 nine African American students integrate
  Central High School in Arkansas
• President Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne
  Division

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Rosa Parks

• December 1, 1955-Rosa Parks arrested after
  refusing to relinquish her seat to a white man
• On December 5 the Montgomery Bus Boycott begins
• Boycott continues into 1956 for more than a
  year-people carpool and walk regardless of
  weather
• Supreme Court rules that segregation on
  Montgomery busses is illegal

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Martin Luther King Jr.

• Southern Baptist minister who promoted
  non-violent methods of protest
• Was arrested 38 times in his quest for equality
• Constant death threats, as well as bomb threats
  at his home
• Was assassinated at age 38

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MLKJ

• Violence never solves problems. It only creates
  new and more complicated ones. If we succumb to
  the temptation of using violence in our struggle
  for justice, unborn generations will be the
  recipients of a long and desolate night of
  bitterness, and our chief legacy to the future
  will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos.
• --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Facing the
  Challenge of a New Age"

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Sit-Ins

• People wanting a sandwich or a hamburger popped
  over to the lunch counter of department stores,
  drugstores and five-and-dime stores to have a
  bite
• Store lunch counters were like fast-food
  restaurants today
• African Americans could spend money in those
  stores but couldn't eat at the stores' lunch
  counter
• African American college students and a few of
  their white peers fought against the city's white
  power structure and its downtown merchants over
  the right to sit down and eat lunch
• A sit-in is a form of civil disobedience in which
  demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move

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How Sit-Ins worked

• The basic plan of the sit-ins was that a group of
  students would go to a lunch counter and ask to
  be served
• If they were, they'd move on to the next lunch
  counter
• If they were not, they would not move until they
  had been
• If they were arrested or had to leave, a new
  group would take their place immediately
• The students always remained nonviolent and
  respectful

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Sit-in movement began in Greensboro, N.C., with
these four gentlemen who went to the lunch
counter at Woolworths and were refused service
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Sit-In Tactics

• Dress in your Sunday best.
• Be respectful to employees and police.
• Do not resist arrest!
• Do not fight back!
• Remember, journalists are everywhere!

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In addition to sit-ins

• Swim ins (beaches, pools)
• Kneel ins (churches)
• Drive ins (at motels)
• Study-ins (universities)

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Marches

• People marched in protest over many of the issues
  faced by African Americans
• Police used dogs to quell civil unrest
• Fire hoses were turned on young civil rights
  demonstrators

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March on Washington 1963

• This was a peaceful demonstration to promote
  Civil Rights and economic equality for African
  Americans

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March on Washington 1963

• The event was highlighted by King's "I Have a
  Dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
  August 28, 1963

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Bloody Sunday

• March 7, 1965
• Six hundred marchers assemble in Selma, Alabama
  to march in protest over voting rights of African
  Americans
• They were blocked by Alabama State troopers and
  local police who ordered them to turn around
• When the protesters refused, the officers shot
  teargas and waded into the crowd, beating the
  nonviolent protesters with billy clubs and
  ultimately hospitalizing over fifty people
• Bloody Sunday was televised across the nation

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Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River en
route to Montgomery
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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• New law that made it illegal for restaurants,
  hotels, hospitals, and other public places to
  discriminate against people on the basis of race
• Other new laws made it illegal to deny equal
  housing opportunities, and to charge a poll tax
  or otherwise keep minorities from voting (24th
  amendment to the U.S. Constitution)
• Pushed through by Lyndon Baines Johnson

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Prohibits the states and their political
  subdivisions from imposing voting qualifications
  or prerequisites to voting, or standards,
  practices, or procedures that deny or curtail the
  right of a U.S. citizen to vote because of race,
  color, or membership in a language minority group
• Texas minorities finally had the power to elect
  representatives of their choice

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Civil Rights Leaders from Texas
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Dr. Hector P. Garcia

• Organized the American GI forum-a civil rights
  organization devoted to securing equal rights for
  Hispanic Americans
• Pushed for equal medical care for Hispanic
  Americans

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James Farmer

• Founder of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• One of the Big Four civil rights leaders in the
  1960s
• Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998

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Henry B. Gonzales

• First Mexican-American elected to the Texas
  Legislature in the 20th century
• Eventually elected to the House of Representatives

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Barbara Jordan

• First African American state senator
• Elected President Pro Tempore of Senate in 1972
• Gave keynote address to Democratic convention in
  1976 and 1992