Section 1 Greek art of the Golden Age

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Chapter 6
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Section 1 Greek art of the Golden Age

• Main Idea Greek artists of the golden age
  expressed their societys ideals in styles that
  combined beauty and usefulness.
• Golden Age cultural high point
• What is the focus of the Renaissance?

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Parthenon

• White marble temple built in honor of Athena
• Considered finest example of Greek architecture
• Stands atop the Acropolis
• What architectural element surrounds the
  structure?
• Colonnade

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Greek Art

• Best preserved Greek paintings are found where?
• Vases
• Adopted styles of paintings from other cultures
  transformed them into their own
• Liked the Egyptian style but replaced the animals
  with humans
• Greek art showed Egyptian influence but human
  figures were much more lifelike
• Sculpture on page 132

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Art expressed Greek ideals in 4 ways

• 1. Greek art glorified human beings. Statues
  reflected traits of beauty, strength,
  intelligence, pride, grace, courage,
• 2. Greek pride in their city-state
• 3. Expressed Greek belief in harmony, balance,
  order, and moderation simplicity and restraint
• 4. Combining beauty and usefulness

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Section 2 Philosophers and Writers of the
Golden Age

• Main Idea Greeks of the golden age made great
  advances in philosophy, the sciences, and
  literature
• How are the values of a society expressed through
  its literature?

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Philosophy

• One of the greatest Greek achievements
• Study of basic questions of reality and human
  nature
• Philosopher lover of wisdom

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Socrates

• An Athenian
• Education was key to personal growth
• Insisted that students be trained to think for
  themselves
• Socratic Method teaching through questioning
• However, questions often made public officials
  look foolish
• Socrates is falsely accused of several offenses,
  tried, and executed

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Plato

• Wealthy young aristocrat, student of Socrates
• Founded the Academy a school in Athens to teach
  philosophy
• Wrote dialogues imaginary discussions among
  several people
• Wrote The Republic ideal government was an
  aristocracy not of birth or wealth but where
  philosophers were chosen for wisdom, ability, and
  high ideals

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Aristotle

• Student of Plato
• Collected and organized facts
• Process of organization is important part of
  modern science

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Pythagoras

• Philosopher who believed that everything could be
  explained in terms of math
• He had a theorem anyone know what it is?

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Hippocrates

• Considered to be the founder of medical science
• Taught that disease comes from natural causes,
  not as punishment from the gods
• Medical treatment should be based on reason, not
  magic

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Herodotus

• Was the first historian of the Western world
• Greeks were the first people to take the writing
  of history seriously
• Father of History

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Thucydides

• Another Greek historian
• Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War
• Believed that studying the past helps us to
  understand human nature

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Drama

• Greeks were the first people to write drama
• Plays containing action or dialogue and involving
  conflict and emotion
• Tragedies main character struggled against
  fate, or events
• Sophocles Oedipus Rex
• Aeschylus and Euripides (more of a realist)
  outlook on war?
• Aristophanes finest writer of Greek comedies

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Section 3 Alexander the Great

• What about the Peloponnesian War and its
  aftermath made Greece more vulnerable?
• Main Idea Alexander the Great spread Greek
  culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean
  and Near East.

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Macedonians

• A hardy, warlike people
• Philip II becomes king in 359 BC
• As a young man Philip had been a hostage in
  Thebes for about three years
• When he became king he recruited and organized
  the best-disciplined army in Macedonian history
• Phalanx what is it? Importance?

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Demosthenes

• Led Athenian opposition of Philip II
• Attacked Philip in a series of speeches
• No one followed Athenss lead and Philip picked
  them off one by one
• Philip defeated Thebes and Athens in 338 BC which
  unites Greece under his rule

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Good bye Philip Hello Alexander

• In 336 BC Philip was assassinated
• What were his plans for Persia? How?
• His 20 year old son succeeds him - Alexander

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Alexander the Great

• Received his formal education from the Greek
  philosopher Aristotle
• His courage in battle won the loyalty of his
  troops
• His goal was to bring all of the known world into
  a single empire
• Takes his army as far as the Indus River then
  stops
• Why?

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Alexander the Great

• 326 BC Alexander was forced to turn back
• In Babylon Alexander becomes very sick dies in
  June of 323 BC
• Wanted to spread Greek culture
• Hellenistic culture not purely Greek way of
  life
• Combined Mediterranean and Asian ideas and values
• This culture thrived between Alexanders death
  and the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC

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Section 4 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

• What is a pluralistic society?
• Main Idea In the Hellenistic world, people
  looked to science, philosophy, and religion for a
  sense of understanding.

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Cultural Diffusion

• The conquests of Alexander the Great brought
  Greek cultures to many areas.
• At the same time, ideas from the other lands
  changed Greek culture at home.
• Hellenistic society contained a small group of
  wealthy people and a large group of poor people
• Alexandria, Egypt was the biggest Hellenistic
  city and became a leading commercial center

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Hellenistic World

• As people became more prosperous, education
  became more widespread
• Definition of being Greek became more
  widespread Egypt, Syria
• The Greek concept of the polis declined ---
  ruler-worship provided a useful means to fill
  people with a new sense of civic duty as the role
  of the polis was replaced by that of the monarch

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Science in the Hellenistic Age

• Scientists learned a great deal about the world
  using simple instruments
• Showed little interest in turning discoveries
  into labor saving machines
• Euclid involved in the development of geometry
• Archimedes probably the greatest scientist of
  the Hellenistic period calculated the value of
  pi the compound pulley Archimedes screw (page
  144)

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Hellenistic Achievement

• To learn more about anatomy, Alexandrian doctors
  studied the bodies of executed criminals
• Made advances in astronomy as they came into
  contact with the ideas and knowledge of Egyptians
  and Babylonians
• Eratosthenes calculated the distance around the
  earth very accurately

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