History of the Modern Middle East

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History of the Modern Middle East
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The Arab League

• Definition an organization of 22 Middle Eastern
  and African nations
• where Arabic is the spoken
  language that promotes political,
• economic, cultural, and social
  relations among members

• Additional Information
• founded in 1945
• council of representatives from member states
  work to settle disputes peacefully
• has had difficulty living up to goals
• ARABSAT (satellite systems)

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O.P.E.C.

• Definition an association of 12 countries that
  depend heavily on oil
• exports for their incomes and
  work together to increase
• revenue from oil exports.

• Additional Information
• founded in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
  Arabia, Venezuela
• OPEC nations produce 40 of worlds oil
• OPEC nations possess 70 of worlds oil
• OPEC have a direct impact on world oil prices
  along with world conflict, global demand, and
  stock market speculation

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Saudi Arabia

• Birthplace of Islam
• Has the worlds largest amount of oil reserves
• and largest exporter of oil in the world
• Government Monarchy
• Current Leader King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz
• Law Code Sharia Law (strict Islamic law)

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United Arab Emirates

• UAE is a federation of 7 emirates (sovereign
  state)
• Great Britain expand influence in 1800s and
  early 1900s
• Independence in 1971
• Economy dominated by oil exports (70s, 80s,
  90s)
• Economy hurt by 2008-09 global recession and
  banking crisis
• Result call of political economic reforms

• Economy Open Market (growing economy)
• Government constitutional federation of
• absolute monarchies

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Iran-Iraq War

• Began Sept. 22, 1980 when Iraqi President Saddam
  Hussein orders invasion of Iran
• Ended Aug. 20, 1988 with a cease-fire agreement

• Additional Information
• longest war between two nations in the 1900s
• Reasons for the war
• - Iraq thought Iran was in a weak state
• - Iraq (and other Arab nations) feared
• Irans Shiite revolution
• - Iran and Iraq had territorial disputes
• - Iraq saw a chance to control Irans oil

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Terrorism

• Definition The unlawful use or threatened use
  of force or violence by a
• person or an organized
  group against people or property with
• the intention of
  intimidating or coercing societies or govts.

• Types
• State Sponsored
• Domestic
• Religious

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Hamas

• Definition Islamist political party that
  currently governs the Gaza portion
• of the Palestinian
  territories

• Additional Information
• founded in 1987 during the 1st Intifada
• ideals are based on the principles of Islamic
  fundamentalism
• carry out suicide attacks, rocket attacks, and
  guerilla warfare against Israel
• classified as a terrorist group by the European
  Union, the United States, Canada, Israel, Japan

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Hezbollah

• Definition Shia Muslim group and political
  party based in Lebanon
• known as a resistance
  movement of the Arab Muslim
• world currently hold seats
  in Lebanons government

• Additional Information
• emerged in 1982 as result of 1st Lebanon War
• carry out suicide attacks rocket attacks
• against Israel
• armed funded by Iran and Syria
• classified as a terrorist group by Great Britain,
• the United States, Canada, the Netherlands,
• Israel, Australia

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Al Qaeda

• Definition militant Islamist organization

• Additional Information
• created in 1988 in Saudi Arabia by Osama bin
  Laden
• labeled as a terrorist group by the U.S., U.N.,
  European Union, NATO, Australia, India, Japan,
  Russia, Turkey, South Korea, others
• Goal Jihad against the United States and the
  West
• Osama bin Laden killed in 2011 by Navy Seals
• Power and Strength in decline since mid Iraq War

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  Map of major attacks attributed to al-Qaeda1.
  The Pentagon, US Sep 11, 2001
  4. Aden, Yemen Oct 12, 20002.
  World Trade Center, US Sep 11, 2001
  5. Nairobi, Kenya Aug 7, 19983.
  Istanbul, Turkey Nov 15, 2003 Nov 20, 2003
  6. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Aug 7, 1998

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The Persian Gulf War

• Began in response to President Saddam Hussein and
  Iraqs invasion of Kuwait on Aug.2, 1990
• U.N. coalition (Desert Shield) began bombing Jan.
  17, 1991
• Coalition forces launched ground attack (Desert
  Storm) into Kuwait and Southern Iraq in February
• U.N. coalition ended military operations Feb. 28,
  1991

• Additional Information
• first international crisis after Cold War
• tested U.S. and Russias ability to cooperate
• split Arab world between Iraq Coalition
• Results in Iraq environmental issues, refugees,
  casualties, revolts, economic hardships

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Iran Background

• Known as Persia till 1935 (Reza Pahlavi becomes
  Shah-monarch-)
• 1979 Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini
  overthrows Shah and establishes a
  theocratic-Islamic- government)
• 1979 Iranian Hostage Crisis (radical students
  storm
• U.S. embassy in Tehran and held 52
  hostages for 444 days)

• 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War (Saddam Hussein orders
  Iraqi invasion of Iran)
• 2005-2012 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
• current president of Iran

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Iran Current Issues
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Iran Current Issues
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Afghanistan Background

• Problem Afghanistan is TRIBAL
• - Created by the West placing various ethnic
  groups together as one nation

Ethnic groups 42 Pashtun 4 Aimak 27
Tajik 3 Turkmen 9 Hazara
2 Baloch 9 Uzbek 4 Other
Fact -stan means land of
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Afghanistan History

• 1747 Founded in modern Afghanistan in1747
• Mid-1800s British expand influence from
  Pakistan
• Durand Line creates boundary between Afghanistan
  and Pakistan dividing Pashtuns.

Pashtun Lands

• 1919 Afghanistan sovereign from British influence
• 1973-1978 bloodless coup creates democratic govt.

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Afghanistan History

• 1978 communist govt. created
• Mujahideen fighters (Muslim Afghan opposition
  youth groups trained in Pakistan)
• 1979-1989 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
• 1989-1996 Afghan Civil War Taliban seizes
  control of Afghanistan
• Taliban (Islamic militant political group created
  from religious schools for Afghan refugees in
  Pakistan)

• 1996-2001 Taliban rule of Afghanistan
• Strict Islamic law Human rights violations
• Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan since 1997
• 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom
• Allied invasion of Afghanistan
• overthrow Taliban and est. Democracy
• 2009-2012 Taliban insurgency and Peace Talks

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The Iraq War

• Began March 2003 when the U.S. and coalition of
  39 nations launched an invasion of Iraq
• Mid-April 2003 Saddam Hussein and Iraqs govt.
  fell
• U.S. President George W. Bush ends combat
  operations May 1, 2003

• Operation Iraqi Freedom
• May 2003 to August 2010
• 2004 Sunni violence against Shia Iraqi govt. and
  U.S. forces
• 2007 U.S. adds troop build-up
• Aug. 31, 2010 U.S. ends combat operations
• Dec. 31, 2011 U.S. troops expect to leave Iraq

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Arab Spring

• Definition revolutionary movement via civil
  uprising (protests)in
• the Arab world against their
  governments

• Additional Information
• Began in Tunisia on December 18, 2010
• Nations affected Tunisia. Egypt, Yemen,
• Oman, Libya, Bahrain, Syria, Algeria, Jordan,
• Morocco, Kuwait, Lebanon
• Rulers has been forced from power in Tunisia,
• Egypt, Libya, and Yemen
• Protests and Clashes continue in Syria (to date)

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