World History

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World History

• Emergence of Modern Europe

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What is a Viking?
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Who were the Vikings?

• Lifestyle based on sea
• Viking is a pirate
• Were known for going on overseas adventures.
• They had tribal units ruled by jarl
• They were a culture of war blood feuds were
  common
• They were not educated most boys were illiterate.

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Where did they raid and why?

• Raided coastal villages throughout Europe,
  plundering, killing, burning, and taking
  prisoners.
• Viking longships and weaponry intimidated people
  of Europe.
• They were experienced sailors, traders, and
  explorers.

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What was their impact on Europe?

• Viking power of intimidation kept many Europeans
  in a state of terror
• Europeans looked to local lords to protect them
• Contributed to the development of feudalism
• Viking culture influenced some aspects of life in
  Europe.

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Charlemagnes Rise to Power
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Background on the Franks

• Germanic people
• Lived along Rhine River
• Loyal to kin
• Clovis converted to Christianity in 481, and
  united the Franks.

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Description of Charlemagne

• He is described as large, heavy man, with a
  mustache, and bright eyes.

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Steps to Charlemagne Rise

1. Converted Germans to Christianity through war.
2. Prevented Muslims from expanding into Europe.
3. Brutally put down a Saxon revolt.

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Charlemagnes

• Created a large empire made of self-sufficient
  manors
• Counts kept order in his kingdom
• Made Aachen a new center for learning.

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Division of Frankish Empire

• Kingdom divided into three parts after
  Charlemagnes death
• Division weakened Empires unity and caused the
  collapse of the Frankish Kingdom.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Life on the Manor

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Monarchs

• Became weaker after Charlemagne
• Remained highest authority

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Knights or Vassals

• Trained warriors who studied warfare from age
  seven.
• Followed code of chivalry
• Exchanged military service for fief

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Lords and Nobles

• Lived on manors in castles
• Included powerful clergy
• Hunted, defended manor, oversaw serfs, and
  settled legal disputes

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Peasants

• Freeman paid lord for use of land and could move
  around
• Serfs worked land for the lord
• Serfs were poor and were prisoners of the manor.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• The Church

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Church in Medieval Society

• The church bells were used to organize the day
  between worship and work
• The bells were also used to alert villagers if
  enemies were sighted
• The church provided the organization the people
  lacked since the fall of the Roman Empire

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The Role of the Church

• The religion was spread and maintained by both
  men and women who gave their lives for their
  religion
• The church was the only place where people were
  able to get an education, therefore the church
  was a place that a peasant can go and try to rise
  to power
• The men who lived in special communities called
  monasteries were known as monks
• The women who lived in a special community lived
  in convents, and were called nuns
• These two groups made up what is known as the
  clergy

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Canon Law

• The Age of Superstition makes the church a
  powerful.
• Canon law, or church law pertained to kings and
  peasants alike.
• Two of the harshest punishments were
  excommunication (banishment from church) and
  interdict (sacrament).

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Salvation Damnation

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Salvation

• Salvationsaving
• Salvation was gained through
• Following the beliefs of the church
• Performing good deeds
• Living a moral life
• Christians believed that salvation would help
  their souls enter heaven and live in paradise
  forever without desires or needs

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Damnation

• Damnation was the result of living a life of sin
  (turning away from God)
• Souls that were damned were believed to be
  banished to hell.
• Hell was ruled by Lucifer, who was cast out of
  heaven for showing false pride
• Medieval view of hell souls tortured by fire and
  demons.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Conflict Between Church State

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Lay Investiture

• Who should appoint church officials?

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The States Position

• Angered by Pope Gregory actions because he needed
  church leaders to support him against powerful
  German lords.
• Biggest opponent of Pope Gregory was Henry IV,
  the Holy Roman Emperor.

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The Churchs Position

• Wanted to reform corrupt church leaders who
  plotted with kings to increase their wealth and
  power.
• In 1075 C.E., outlawed lay investiture (church
  officials being chosen by kings)
• Threatened to excommunicate any king who
  disobeyed (thus taking away the means to gain
  salvation)

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Key Events in the Conflict between Henry Gregory
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1.

• Henry demanded that Gregory VII resign as pope.
• Henry IV was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII.

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2.

• Henry realized he could not defeat the pope.
• He begged for Gregorys forgiveness.
• With the help of Countess Matilda, Henry was
  forgiven.

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3.

• Lay investiture issue was resolved with the
  Concordant of Worms.
• Agreement that church officials could appoint
  church leaders.
• Kings could also give titles and land grants to
  church officials.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• The Rise of New Religious Orders

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• Peter Bernardone, a wealth Italian merchant, put
  his son on trial for stealing cloth.

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• Francis Assisi amused himself with parties and
  war as a young man.
• Turned to God after recovery from battle
• Francis stole clothneeded money to repair a
  church
• Renounced his wealth and dedicated his life to
  caring for the poorest of the poor.
• Founded a new order of monks called the
  Franciscans.

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Some New Things We Do as Friars

• Travel around to care for the poor and the sick.
• Show others a humble cheerfulness and simple,
  pious life.
• Work with orders of nuns, like the Little Sisters
  of the Poor (founded by Francis)
• Educate Christians so they can more fully
  understand the word of God (as does the order
  founded by Dominic of Spain, the Dominicans).

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Renaissance

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What was the Black Death?

• A deadly plague that spread across Europe from
  1346-1352
• Caused by a form of bacteria
• Appeared in three forms
• Pneumonic attacked the lungs
• Sepiticemic appeared in bloodstream
• Bubonic caused buboes on the body

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How did the Black Death spread throughout Europe?

• Originated in Mongolia and spread to Black Sea
  along Silk Road
• Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats
• Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe
  along with trade goods
• First appeared in Sicily and eventually spread

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Why couldnt people stop the spread of the Black
Death?

• People were ignorant about its cause they blamed
  the stars, Gods anger and the Jews
• They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders,
  flagellation, and repentence of sins

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How did the Black Death change life in Europe?

• Killed one third of the population
• Forced farmers to diversify their crops
• Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
• Working class moved to cities to earn better
  wages
• Reduced the power of feudal lords

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Decline of Feudalism

• Black death killed 1/3 of population
• Peasants revolt demand more freedom
• Hundred Years war monarchs to build huge armies
  reduce power of lords
• People moved to cities to earn better wages
• Status began to be determined by wealth
  ability, not birthright

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Development of the Renaissance

• Scholars and artists looked to art and writing
  from ancient Greek and Rome for guidance
• Medici family of Florence used their profits to
  promote scholarship and the arts
• Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the
  world
• Italian cities, with ties to Byzantine and Muslim
  merchants, became rich powerful
• Middle class merchants gained control of great
  sums of money by organizing banks

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Trade Commerce The Foundations of Town Life

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Trade Commerce

• Towns were centers for trade and shipping
• Luxury goods such as silk, ivory, and porcelain
  could be bought in towns.
• Guilds dominated the social and civic life of
  towns.
• Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in
  towns
• Contributed to the building of cathedrals
• Adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in
  their honor.

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Society

• Middle Ages
• Towns were small because society was based on
  agriculture and most people lived in the
  countryside

• Renaissance
• Towns grew because society began to be based on
  commerce and more people started to live in
  cities.

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Power

• Middle Ages
• Nobles had most of the power
• Lords owned the land where most towns were
  located
• Towns needed protection from knights that lords
  could provide

• Renaissance
• Middle class had most of the power
• Limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them
  to grant charters
• Gained control of great sums of money by
  organizing banks

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Status

• Middle Ages
• Status was determined by birthright

• Renaissance
• Status was determined by wealth and ability

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Growth of Italian Cities

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Why were Italian city-states so rich and powerful?

• Had strong ties with Byzantine and Muslim
  merchants
• Each city specialized in one commercial activity
• Milan metal goods armor
• Florence banking textiles
• Venice Asian goods
• European monarchs and nobles sought loans from
  merchants.

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How did Florence become the most influential
city-state?

• Maintained thriving industry in wool and silk
  trade
• Purchased items from the East and sold them for a
  large profit
• Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their
  overseas investments
• Created numerous banks that made loans or
  exchanged currencies
• Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts,
  scholarship, and civic pride

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What was the Renaissance and Why Italy?

• Renaissance is a French word meaning rebirth
  refers to revival in arts and learning
• Period when scholars became interested in ancient
  Greek and Roman culture
• Italian city-states displayed their wealth by
  giving financial support to artists who created
  works with classical themes

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• The Spirit of the Renaissance

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The Renaissance Man

• Many Renaissance artists develop new techniques
  such as perspective.
• Leonardo da Vinci typifies the true Renaissance
  man.
• Raphael creates realistic masterpieces.
• A few Italian women gain recognition as painters.

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Why people like me became interested in Ancient
Culture

• Knowledge of ancient Greece Rome was
  rediscovered by scholars
• The Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about
  the world around them
• Scholars thought ancient Greek and Roman writings
  would help solve problems

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A Fascination with Classical Cultures

• Artists used ancients art as models
• Donatello created statues that copied the Roman
  ideal of the human body
• Brunelleschi designed buildings after studying
  ruins in Rome
• Revolutionary innovations were made

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A New Type of Scholar Called a Humanist

• Humanists devoted themselves to studying ancient
  writings
• They tried to learn about many subjects such as
  Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics
• Petrarch, a Florentine, was the first great
  humanist

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A Belief in Human Potential

• Believed each person could achieve greater things
• Claimed that people educated in the classics
  could create a better world
• Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather
  than the afterlife

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Influence of Petrarch, Boccaccio, Dante,
  Shakespeare, Machiavelli

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Petrarch

• the "Father of Humanism." His ideas were far
  ahead of his time. He was the first to write in
  the humanists way. His works includes Latin
  poetry like, Canzoniere.

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Erasmus

• Famous teacher, writer, and scholar who travelled
  all over Europe. He wrote In the Praise of the
  Folly, which criticized the stupidities of men,

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Boccaccio

• was known for his book "The Decameron." It was
  written in Italian. The story takes place in
  during the Dark Ages during the Black Death.
•  

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Dante

• was famous for "The Divine Comedy." It is
  basically a tour of the afterlife. When touring
  hell, the main character wants to see who is in
  the lowest part of hell that is reserved only for
  the worst sinners. There were only 2 people
  there Brutus (betrayed classical civilization)
  and Judas (betrayed Christianity). This shows
  that Renaissance thinkers valued Classical
  culture and Christianity.
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Shakespeare

• proved that the English language could be used
  for beautiful works of literature (before
  Shakespeare English was considered a barbaric
  language.)

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Machiavelli

• wrote The Prince. This work argues that honest
  people dont make the best rulers. The most
  successful rulers are those who do whatever needs
  to be done, regardless of whether its right or
  wrong.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Protestant Reformation

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What forms of corruption existed within the
Church during the Late Middle Ages?

• Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to
  obey the Church
• Many priests were illiterate
• Many clergy broke their vows of chastity
• Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure
• Others sold church offices (simony), sold
  indulgences, and charged Christians to see holy
  remains and objects

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How was the power of papacy weakened?

• Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375)
• Philip IV (France) quarreled with the pope over
  his power to tax the clergy.
• Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296, and replaces
  with Clement V
• Seven popes ruled the Church from Avignon, France
• Many Christians thought these popes were only
  puppets of the French king

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How was the power of papacy weakened?

• The Great Schism (1378-1417)
• Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376
• French cardinals elected a new pope, Clement VII
• Both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to be the
  rightful pope
• Many Christians questioned the authority of the
  papacy.

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Early Calls for Reform

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John Wycliffe of England

• Thought Christians didnt need Church or
  sacraments to achieve salvation
• Regarded the Bible as most important source of
  religious completed first translation of Bible
  into English
• Outcome
• Church persecuted his followers as heretics

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Catherine of Siena

• Popularized mysticism
• Believed people could experience God through
  intense prayer
• Outcome
• Maintained that Christians didnt need priests,
  rituals, or sacraments

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Savonarola of Florence

• Launched crusade against immortal society
• Encouraged book burnings
• Claimed Vatican was filled with sin and
  corruption
• Outcome
• Was burned at the stake by angry citizens of
  France

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Renaissance Artist Practice
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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation

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Why did Luther question Church practices and
teachings

• Troubled by idea that salvation was attainable
  through good works
• Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to
  salvation was by faith alone
• Believed forgiveness for sins could come only
  from Gods mercy
• Angered by Tetzels sale of indulgences

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What was his early life like?

• Son of middle class German parents
• Studied law
• Became a Catholic monk

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How did his criticisms expand into an effort to
form a new church?

• Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Church abuses
• Published books and pamphlets questioning Church
  teachings
• Ideas for reform led to a new church
• Congregations choose their own ministers
• Worship of saints and holy days was considered
  sinful
• Mass conducted in German instead of Latin
• Clergy allowed to marry

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Why did his reforms create widespread revolt in
Germany?

• Peasants, believing everyone was equal under God,
  revolted against lords.
• Princes, who wanted freedom from the pope, seized
  Church land
• Peace of Augsburg forced many to move in order to
  worship freely.

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Wanted Poster Assignment

• You are member of the Catholic Church.
• You have heard the rumors of Martin Luther and
  his 95 Theses.
• You are angry want to see him brought to justice.
• Using your notes and the notes taken from class
  and your textbook, create a WANTED POSTER on
  Martin Luther.

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Emergence of Europe

• The Reformation Spreads Throughout Europe

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Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany?

• Political leaders looked for ways to escape power
  of Catholic Church
• People were tired of Church abuses and corruption
• Charismatic individuals questioned church
  teachings and provided leadership
• Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid spread of
  new ideas.

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Anabaptists (1525)

• Founded by dissatisfied followers of Zwingli
• Thought Christians should not be baptized until
  adulthood
• Believed true Christians should form a separate
  community.

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Anglicans (1534)

• Founded by King Henry VIII of England
• He was enraged by popes decision not to grant
  him a divorce
• Believed the monarch, not the pope, was supreme
  religious authority of England
• Broke away, but beliefs were almost the same as
  the Catholic Church

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• Story of Henry VIII

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Henry VIII

• The Tudors were the ruling monarchs of England
  during the Renaissance.
• Wanted to have a male heir and was unable to have
  a child with his wife.
• Devised a plan to divorce his wife, and remarry
  another woman

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Catherine of Aragon

• Was first married to Henrys brother Arthur who
  died.
• They were married for 20 years.
• When Henry was in France the Scottish King
  attacked England.
• Catherine raised an army and defeated him.
• She bore Henry several children only Mary
  survived.
• Henry needed the Popes permission to divorce
  Catherine.
• He refused so Henry became head of the church
  instead of the Pope.
• Henry divorced Catherine because she was too old
  to give him a son.
• His excuse was she was spending more time praying
  and less time dancing.

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Anne Boleyn

• Henry fell in love with Anne because she was
  young and pretty with flowing hair and black
  eyes.
• The marriage lasted for three years. 1533 1536.
  
• She gave Henry one child a daughter called
  Elizabeth.
• She is accused of having lovers and put on trial.
  
• The trial is not fair as people do what the king
  tells them. She is executed.

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Jane Seymour

• Henry marries Jane because she is a plain and
  simple girl.
• They were married for one year 1536 1537.
• She gives Henry a child. Edward the son he so
  wants.
• Jane becomes ill and dies.
• Henry is heartbroken at her death

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Anne of Cleves

• Henry marries Anne in 1540 to from a friendship
  (alliance) with Germany.
• Anne is ugly and Henry does not like her.
• The marriage only lasts for seven months.

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Catherine Howard

• Catherine was young and pretty and the King was
  old and fat.
• They were married for two years, 1540 1542.
• The King liked young and pretty women around him.
  
• Catherine soon had a lover.
• She is executed.

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Bell Ringer(s)

1. How many wives did Henry VIII divorce?
2. What is the name of the wife who died?

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Catherine Parr

• Henry and Catherine are married for four years
  1543 1547.
• The king is old and sick and needs somebody to
  look after him and his children.
• In January 1547 Henry dies.

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Calvinists (1546)

• founded by John Calvin
• Believed in predestination (God predetermined who
  would obtain salvation)
• Thought disciplined, auestere life would prove
  who had been chosen

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Emergence of Modern Europe

• The Catholic Churchs Response to the Reformation

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Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

• Led the Counter, or Catholic Reformation.
• Promoted reform-minded cardinals to Curia.
• Had Church abuses catalogued.
• Called meeting at Trent to deal with growth of
  Protestantism.

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Council of Trent

• Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses.
• Sale of indulgences prohibited.
• Simony outlawed.
• Seminaries established to train parish priests.
• Monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral
  clergy.

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Jesuits (1540)

• Disciplined and well educated order of Catholic
  priests.
• Won Poland and southern Germany back into the
  Catholic faith.
• Spread Christian message across Africa, Asia, and
  the Americas.

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Inquisition (1542)

• Church court designed to judge and convict
  heretics.
• Imprisoned, exiled, or executed those with
  unorthodox views.

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Index of Forbidden Books (1559)

• List of banned books which Catholics were
  forbidden to read.
• List included Protestant Bibles and some
  scientific writings.