European Project Semester

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European Project Semester
Team Caterpillar
Alejandro Hombravella Alican Kiliçaslan Carolin
Rüss Jeremy Perales
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EUROPEAN PROJECT SEMESTER
Content

• What is the project about?
• Plan to achieve the goal
• Scrubber
• Catalyst
• Boiler
• Exhaust Gas Silencer
• Funnel
• Example exhaust gas cleaning system

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• To create a catalogue of optimum configurations
  of exhaust gas cleaning systems for different
  types of HFO diesel engines to fulfill the IMO 3
  criterias
• Other main focusses
• cost of equipment
• cost of equipment in action
• cost of service
• repairing situation and spare parts
• place in ship

Goal
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IMO 3
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Exhaust gas cleaning system?I would suggest to
put also another schema, with more detailed
graphics (if exists... )
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Exhaust gas cleaning system
Wet exhaust gas cleaning system Dry exhaust gas
cleaning system An effective and advanced exhaust
system must achieve and ensure four main
objectives 1 - To reduce noise level by between
40 and 90 through the insertion of silencers
end/or silencer-separators 2 - To cool the
exhaust, and eject the engine cooling water
through the exhaust without excessive back
pressure 3 - To site the outlets at the stern of
the boat to minimise exhaust fumes on board 4 -
To minimize, by the insertion of an adeguate
capacity silencer, the risk of water running back
up the exhaust and into the engine cylinders,
causing serious engine damages.
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Time plan
achieve information about system material,
function, cost, dimensions suppliers of
components examples for existing
configurations create own configurations
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Scrubber
How does it work? Sulphur Oxides SOx (SO2)
dissolves within water vapour forming airborne
acids. What is it made of? Formed from sulphur
contained in oil during combustion and refining
processes.
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Scrubber

• Water ph is elevated with alkalitysodium
  hydroxide ( NaOH )
• Entering exhaust gas stream
• sulphur oxides are captured
• and neutralized by scrubbing
• water chemically forming sulphates
• 3. Cleaned exhaust gas exits
• 4. Water and sulphides return to
• process collection tank

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Scrubber (OPEN LOOP)
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Scrubber (CLOSED LOOP)
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Scrubber
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Scrubber
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Scrubber

• Summary of integrated scrubber
• Avoid increased exhaust gas back pressure caused
  by
• cleaning devices.
• Reduce the amount of equipment needed for
  SOx-cleaning of
• exhaust gases from all relevant combustion units
  onboard.
• Provide a higher cleaning performance in port
  conditions where
• the total flow of exhaust gases is smaller than
  in normal seagoing
• conditions, utilising such higher performance as
  inherent
• in some exhaust gas cleaning devices when
  operated at
• reduced exhaust gas flow. Thus all combustion
  units can use
• the same fuel in all areas and all conditions.

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Scrubber

• Scrubbing is the cheapest way to comply
• Fresh water scrubber is the only technology to
• Make zero effluent discharge possible
• Be always in control of reduction efficiency
• Have the smallest energy consumption
• Have no creation of CO2 caused by neutralization
  process
• Wärtsilä fresh water scrubber solutions are fit
  for new
• building and retrofit, for any engines and
  boilers brands.

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Scrubber
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Catalytic converter
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Catalytic converter
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Catalytic converter
A catalytic converter (colloquially, "cat" or
"catcon") is a device used to reduce the toxicity
of emissions from an internal combustion engine.
First widely introduced on series-production
automobiles in the US market for the 1975 model
year to comply with tightening EPA regulations on
auto exhaust, catalytic converters are still most
commonly used in motor vehicle exhaust systems.
Catalytic converters are also used on generator
sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses,
trains, and other engine-equipped machines. A
catalytic converter provides an environment for a
chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion
by-products are converted  less-toxic substances.
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Catalytic converter
Three-way catalytic converters A three-way
catalytic converter has three simultaneous
tasks Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen
and oxygen 2NOx ? xO2  N2 Oxidation of carbon
monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO O2 ?
2CO2 Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to
carbon dioxide and water 2CxHy  (2xy/2)O2 ?
2xCO2  yH2O
Functions
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Catalytic converter
These three reactions occur most efficiently when
the catalytic converter receives exhaust from an
engine running slightly above the stoichiometric p
oint. This is between 14.8 and 14.9 parts air to
1 part fuel, by weight, for gasoline (the ratio
for LPG, natural gas and ethanol fuels is
slightly different, requiring modified fuel
system settings when using those fuels). When
there is more oxygen than required, then the
system is said to be running lean, and the system
is in oxidizing condition. 
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Catalytic converter
In that case, the converter's two oxidizing
reactions (oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons) are
favoured, at the expense of the reducing
reaction. When there is excessive fuel, then the
engine is running rich. The reduction of NOx is
favoured, at the expense of CO and HC oxidation.
If an engine could be operated with
infinitesimally small about the stoichiometric
point for the fuel used, it is theoretically
possible to reach 100 conversion efficiencies.
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Catalytic converter
Since 1981, three-way catalytic converters have
been at the heart of vehicle emission control
systems in North American roadgoing vehicles, and
have been used on "large spark ignition" (LSI)
engines since 2001 in California, and from 2004
in the other 49 states LSI engines are used
in forklifts, aerial boom lifts, ice resurfacing
machines and construction equipment.
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Catalytic converter
The converters used in those types of machines
are three-way types, and are designed to reduce
combined NOxHC emissions from 12 gram/BHP-hour
to 3 gram/BHP-hour or less, as mandated by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) 2004 regulations.
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Catalytic converter
 A further drop to 2 gram/BHP-hour of NOxHC
emissions is mandated in  (note NOx is the
industry standard short form for nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) both of which are
smog precursors. HC is the industry short form
for hydrocarbons). The EPA intends to introduce
emissions rules for stationary spark ignition
engines, to take effect in January 2008.
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Catalytic converter
Two-way catalytic converters Functions A two-way
catalytic converter has two simultaneous
tasks Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide 2CO O2 ? 2CO2 Oxidation of unburnt
hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-burnt fuel)
to carbon dioxide and water 2CxHy  (2xy/2)O2 ?
2xCO2  yH2O
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Catalytic converter
This type of catalytic converter is widely used
on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide emissions. They were also used on
spark ignition (gasoline) engines in USA market
automobiles up until 1981, when they were
replaced by three-way converters due to
regulatory changes requiring reductions
on NOx emissions. Reduction of the NOx emissions
requires an additional step. Platinum catalysis
can be used.
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Catalytic converter
Instead of catalysis, for diesel engines a true
reactant, ammonia pyrolyzed in situ from urea,
can be used to reduce the NOx into nitrogen
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Catalytic converter
The regulations regarding hydrocarbons vary
according to the engine regulated, as well as the
jurisdiction. In some cases, "non-methane
hydrocarbons" are regulated, while in other
cases, "total hydrocarbons" are regulated.
Technology for one application (to meet a
non-methane hydrocarbon standard) may not be
suitable for use in an application that has to
meet a total hydrocarbon standard. Methane is not
toxic, but is more difficult to break down in a
catalytic converter, so in effect a "non-methane
hydrocarbon" standard can be considered to be
looser. Since methane is a greenhouse gas,
interest is rising in how to eliminate emissions
of it.
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Catalytic converter
Attention to global warming!
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Boiler
What is the purpose ? To obtain boiled water by
heating water or other fluid in a closed
vessel. What is it made of ? Made of steel or
wrought iron, assembly by rivetting
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Boiler
Which fuel ? Combustion wood, coal, oil or
natural gas Electric steam boilers resistance
or immersion-type heating elements
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Boiler

• Fire-tube boiler
• Tubes of hot gases running through a sealed
  container of water
• High-pressure
• Horizontal or vertical

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Boiler

• Water-tube boiler
• Tubes of water heated externally by the fire
• High-pressure
• Vertical

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Boiler

• Fire-tube boiler
• Used on all steam locomotives

• Water-tube boiler
• Used on ships (marine)

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Boiler on ships
For diesel engine, one or two smaller boilers are
used on the ship
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Boiler on ships

• Suppliers
• Aalborg Industries
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD
• Kangrim
• Garioni Naval
• Chromalox

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Exhaust Gas Silencer
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Exhaust Gas Silencer

• Absorption Principle
• Sound waves are directed to a blown material such
  as steel wool, mineral wool or fibre
  glass.dissipate with friction into heat. -gt
  acustic noise resorbed
  
  exhaust gas goes through a perforated pipe in the
  blown material.
  
• Good for high frequencies (500-8000Hz)
  
  
  force depends on geometrie of
  perforation, sound absorption coefficient and
  apparent density of material
  
  
  very low loss of
  exhaust gas pressure
  
  noise reduction loss
  maximum 50dB
• which is a loss of sound pressure
• about 300 times

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Exhaust Gas Silencer
Features low skin temperature (LST) design
extra layer of packed acustic/thermal insulation
that reduces heat and noise maximum aceptable
exhaust gas speed between 20-40m/sec Easy
installation in any position Advanced acustical
design Thick wall construction for high
transmission loss Reduces noxious fumes and
odors Long life service Weight from 125-1755kg
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Exhaust gas silencer

• 2. Reflexion principle
• Empty case with normally 4 chambers.
• Different sized rooms combined with shifted
• arranged pipes to reflect and deflect the
  acustic
• noise. Also averaging of sound pressure
• amplitude and duplicating of acustic noises
  
  Pipes
  with different perforations and sizes. -gt
  improving interference
  
• Hull gets very hot, because it gets in direct
  contact with exhaust gas
  I
• ncreasing of gas pressure
  
  Good for
  low frequences

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Exhaust gas Silencer

• Example Absorption exhaust gas silencer AGSD 25
• Frequenz 500Hz
• Reduction of noise 34dB

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Exhaust gas silencer

• Size of silencer

• Acustic velocity frequence wave lenght
• Acustic velocity in the air 343m/s
• Lenght of silencer wave lenght/2
• Example 100Hz
  
• L 1,5215m

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Suppliers
HUSS LBF Lindenberg LS Luhe-Stahl Silencer
Marine Vetus Puck Taylor Universal Kaefer Maxim AG
SD
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Funnel
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Funnel
Funktions removal of smoke and exhaus gas
identification of the ship-owner company direct
the smoke up in the air to disturb nocody bypass
the friction resistance dont foul the decks and
ship structures Appendage very high funnels
little fins to turbulate the exhaus gas and guide
it to the horizontal direction How does it
work Gas inside is warm and therefor have a lower
weight than the cold air outside.So they have to
climp up the funnel pipe. They build a room with
less air pressure, in which the cold air is
going. Gauge pressure is about 0,0009-0,0015 bar,
depends on the resistance.
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Funnel
Funnel area The required funnel cross-sectional
area is determined by the volume of exhaust gases
produced by the propulsion plant. Often this area
is too great for a single funnel. Early steam
vessels needed multiple funnels had 5 when
launched, but as efficiency increased new
machinery needed fewer funnels. Suppliers Ditco
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Dry exhaust gas cleaning system
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