ANIMALIA

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ANIMALIA

• Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia
• Linnaeus classification 2 Kingdoms (mid-1700s)
• Whittaker classification 5 Kingdoms (1959)

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ANIMALIA

• Woese classification 3 Domains, many Kingdoms
  (1990) Figs. 26.21, 27.16

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ANIMALIA

• Eukarya Opisthokonta Animalia
• one of many descendant clades of ancestral
  eukaryote
• multicellular fungi and at least two unicellular
  protist groups are close relatives Figs. 31.8
• multicellularity evolved at least twice within
  eukaryotes

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ANIMALIA

• Kingdom Animalia ( Metazoa)
• multicellular
• around 35 phyla (plural of Phylum)
• all but 1 invertebrates (no backbone)
• 9 phyla in this course
• represent major clades
• represent characters that include some of the
  major evolutionary changes

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ANIMALIA

• what is an animal?
• monophyletic taxon Hox genes (positional info
  during development what body parts go where)
• multicellular permits large size
• heterotrophic ingestion
• eat other organisms (live/dead) using a mouth
• structural proteins support not cell walls

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ANIMALIA

• diploid (2n) stage dominates life cycle
• motile sperm, nonmotile egg
• most have muscle, nerve cells
• incredible variations on a few basic body plans
• Fig. 32.10

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ANIMALIA

• deep time major diversification between
• 535-525 mya (in Cambrian Period) Table 25.1

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ANIMALIA

• competing phylogenetic hypotheses
• morphological ( anatomical), developmental (
  embryological) characters Fig. 32.10
• molecular characters, some morph/dev Fig. 32.11

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ANIMALIA

• debate between Fig. 32.10 32.11 homologous vs.
  homoplasous
• research is continuing
• basic body plan characters

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TISSUES

• group of similar cells common structure/function
  (e.g. leaf epidermal cells, cardiac muscle cells)
• absence vs. presence non-Eumetazoa vs. Eumetazoa
• "Phylum" Porifera sponges
• Eumetazoa "true animals" us

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SYMMETRY

• 2 types Fig. 32.7
• radial multiple planes through central axis
  gives mirror image
• bilateral only one plane through central axis
  gives mirror image
• bilateral right, left sides

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SYMMETRY

• Phylum Cnidaria (hydras, jellies, corals)
  eumetazoans with radial symmetry
• Bilateria all other Eumetazoa us

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GERM LAYERS

• germ something serving as an origin
• of germ (body) layers
• 3 types ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Fig. 32.8
• Cnidaria 2 (diploblastic ectoderm endoderm)
• Bilateria 3 (triploblastic ectoderm, endoderm,
  mesoderm)

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BODY CAVITY

• coelom (hollow) a body cavity
• no coelom (acoelomates) Fig. 32.8
• Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• pseudocoelom (pseudocoelomates) coelom not
  totally lined by mesoderm
• Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
• coelom (coelomates) coelom totally lined by
  mesoderm
• 5 other Phyla (of 9)

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MOUTH ORIGIN

• early embryonic development Fig. 32.2
• zygote initially undergoes cleavage
• cleavage mitosis without cell growth
• blastula hollow ball blastocoel
• gastrulation involves infolding
• gastrula germ layers
• archenteron embryonic gut
• blastopore opening into archenteron

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MOUTH ORIGIN

• blastopore becomes mouth Fig. 32.9
• protostome first mouth
• Phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, squids)
• Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
• Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

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MOUTH ORIGIN

• mouth from secondary opening in gastrula
• deuterostome second mouth
• Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)
• Phylum Chordata (tunicates, lancelets,
  vertebrates us)

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COELOM FORMATION

• protostomes or deuterostomes Fig. 32.9
• coelom formation in gastrula mesoderm
• protostomes schizocoelous split
• mesoderm splits forms the coelomic cavities
• deuterostomes enterocoelous gut
• mesoderms buds off the archenteron to form
  coelomic cavities

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CLEAVAGE TYPE

• two components of cleavage Fig. 32.9
• 1. spiral or radial cleavage
• spiral cell division plane diagonal to embryo's
  vertical axis cells offset
• radial cell division plane both parallel and
  perpendicular to embryo's vertical axis cells
  not offset

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CLEAVAGE FATE

• 2. determinate or indeterminate cleavage
• determinate fate of embryonic cell determined
  early
• indeterminate fate of embryonic cell determined
  later identical twins
• protostomes spiral, determinate
• deuterostomes radial, indeterminate

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ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

• Figs. 32.10, 32.11
• some groups the same
• Animalia, Eumetazoa monophyletic
• Deuterostomia monophyletic, but differences in
  membership
• presence/type of coelom is homoplasous in 32.11

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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY

• defined by shared derived homologous gene
  sequences
• Lophotrochozoa Fig. 32.13
• lophophore feeding structure
• trochophore larval stage
• Ecdysozoa Fig. 32.12
• secrete exoskeletons
• ecdysis shed/molt necessary to grow

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SUMMARY

• think about where the homologous characters would
  map concept Fig. 32.4 page 665
• tissues absent or present
• symmetry radial or bilateral
• germ layers 2 or 3
• coelom type acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or
  coelomate
• protostome or deuterostome
• mouth origin blastopore or secondary opening
• coelom formation schizocoelous or enterocoelous
• cleavage spiral or radial, determinate or
  indeterminate

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ANIMAL PHYLA

• key adaptations structure and function
• acquire/distribute oxygen, water, food
• get rid of wastes (CO2, metabolic)
• sense the environment
• respond to the environment
• movement
• protection
• reproduce

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PORIFERA

• "Phylum" Porifera (sponges) lecture links

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PORIFERA

• most marine many live with coral reefs
• no fixed body shape, no symmetry
• multicellular specialized cells, but no true
  tissues
• cellular interdependencies, but loose
  coordination
• very successful complexity of form not necessary
  for evolutionary success

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PORIFERA ANATOMY

• Fig. 33.4
• choanocytes flagellated collar cells
• suspension feeders create water currents, trap
  food, intracellular digestion
• basic anatomy water canal system
• ostia (ostium) small pores (pore-bearing)
• sequential hermaphrodites
• sessile (attached to a substrate) adult
• dispersing larval stage

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PORIFERA

• alternative animals used to be ignored
• colorful yellow, red, violet, etc toxicity
• biochemical complexity
• biotoxins for protection, competition
• diversity of interest to natural products
  chemists, pharmacologists
• sponge conservation biology important
• concentrate nutrients in coral reef ecosystem

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PORIFERA

• what is sister group to animals?
• similarity between choanocyte and
  choanoflagellates
• Choanoflagellata protist-like, colonial,
  flagellated Fig. 32.3
• choanocyte is the shared derived homologous
  character

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CNIDARIA

• Phylum Cnidaria lecture links
• hydras, jellies, sea anemones, coral

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CNIDARIA

• most marine, very successful
• radial symmetry Fig. 33.5
• good adaptation when
• sessile
• planktonic (drifting in currents)
• diploblastic 2 germ layers

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CNIDARIA

• tissues, but no organs
• pseudomuscle tissue
• nerve net tissue Fig. 49.2
• Fig. 33.8 2 body forms taxa vary in which form
  is dominant
• polyp form cylindrical, mouth-up
• hydras, sea anemones, corals
• medusa form bowl-like, mouth-down
• jellies
• cnidocyte a cell specialized for defense,
  capture of prey Fig. 33.6

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CNIDARIA

• coral animals secrete calcium carbonate
  exoskeleton reef
• home for millions of other species
• 75 of coral reefs threatened

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http//coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/
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CNIDARIA

• photosynthetic endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
  live inside coral cells

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CNIDARIA

• mutualism symbiosis where both benefit
• bleaching breakdown of mutualism
• global warming burn oil, coal ? CO2 ?
• global warming ? warmer waters ? bleaching

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ACIDIFICATION

• ocean acidification via carbonic acid
• calcium carbonate shells can dissolve
• reduced ability to even form calcium carbonate
  shells

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ACIDIFICATION

• calcium carbonate (CaCO3) organisms
• Ca2 CO32- ? CaCO3
• calcium carbonate ion
• CO2 H20 ? H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
• H2CO3 ? H HCO3-
• H CO32- ? HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
• reduction in carbonate ion availability
• can't secrete CaCO3 shell

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http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7933589.stm
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Nature 10 March 2011
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Nature 10 March 2011 dark blue line is current
path to 800 ppm