Bosnia in Turmoil

1
Bosnia in Turmoil

• Ethnic Conflict and its aftermath
• By
• Jon West

Geography 308 Russia and Eastern Europe Professo
r Zoltan Grossman University of Wisconsin Eau C
laire
Spring 2005
2
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/fm_yugoslavi
a_rel96.jpg
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Ethnic Majorities

• Bosniaks 48 (Bosnian Muslims)
• Serbs 37.1
• Croats 14.3

http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
settlement.org/cp/english/bosnia/images/bos51.jpg
imgrefurlhttp//www.settlement.org/cp/english/bos
nia/commun.htmlh250w187sz24tbnida6XRYekVpL
cJtbnh106tbnw79hlenstart4prev/images3F
q3Dbosnians26hl3Den26lr3D
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
1991
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/bosnia.html
5

• War between Muslims, Croats and Serbs in Bosnia
  in 1992-1995.
  
• How did this happen?
• Who was responsible?

1995 results of ethnic cleansing
Grossmans EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point
Presentation
6
Ethnic Origins

• Slavic Serbs and Croats settled in the region of
  Bosnia and Serbia as early as the 7th century AD
  
• The Croats settled in central Croatia of today
  and northwestern Bosnia
  
• The Serbs originally settled in what is today
  Serbia, but later expanded into the area of
  present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina

7
1181 AD
http//www.cit.gu.edu.au/sctwiseh/Roman/19Maps.ht
ml1181

• Catholic influence spreads to the Croats from the
  Western Roman Empire

8
http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/austhung.htm

• Catholic influence from Austro-Hungarian Empire
  in 1102 A.D.

9
http//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Histor
y/395empmap.html

• Orthodox Christian influence enters Bosnia due to
  the influence of the East Roman or Byzantine
  Empire

10
http//www.ac.wwu.edu/helfgott/maps-ottoman-empir
e.htm

• Muslim influence enters Bosnia in 1463 with the
  invasion of the Ottoman Turks

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Bosniaks

• Bosniaks are descendents of Southern Slavs who
  converted to Islam during Ottoman rule for
  various reasons
  
• Not all Muslims in Bosnia are Bosniaks
• Others include Albanians, Turks, Roma and Sinti

12

• June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declare
  independence from Yugoslavia
  
• January 9, 1992 Bosnian Serbs declare their own
  state within Bosnia and Herzegovina and claim
  Sarajevo as their capital
  
• March 3rd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina declare
  independence from Yugoslavia, strongly backed by
  the Muslim and Croat population
  

13

• April 5th, Serb snipers open fire on a crowd of
  peace demonstrators in Sarajevo and start their
  quest for their own ethnically pure republic and
  Serbia begins to supply Bosnian Serbs with
  weaponry

http//images.google.com/images?hlenlrqsaraje
vosniper
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• Bosnian Serbs hold high ground outside of
  Sarajevo and start the siege of Sarajevo
  
• By the end the war, over 11,000 civilians had
  died in Sarajevo from sniper fire, bombardment,
  and ethnic cleansing

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageSiegeofsarajevo
2.jpg
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Bosnia enters the UN

• Yugoslavia had been a member of the UN
• May 22nd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as
  Slovenia and Croatia become members of the United
  Nations

http//www.google.com/search?hlenqunitednation
sflag
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Failing Relations

• July of 1992 Bosnian Croats still hanging on to
  1/5 of Bosnia declare independence from Bosnia as
  Herceg-Bosna
  
• Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats begin to fight over
  the last 30 of Bosnia
  

17
United Nations

• UN deploys 1,000 Blue Helmets to the Sarajevo
  airport in an attempt to create a safe zone and
  to provide humanitarian assistance in June 1992
  
• Between April and May 1993 the UN declares
  Sarajevo, Tuzla, Bihac, Srebrenica, Zepa and
  Gorazde safe areas for Bosnian Muslims.
  
• Srebrenica is later the site of the worst
  massacre of the war
  

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New flag of Bosnia after 1995
http//www.exxun.com/BosniaandHerzegovina/a_fg.htm
l

• March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed
  a peace treaty
  
• The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is
  created and Bosniaks and Croats once again fight
  together against the Serbs

19
U.S. Operation Deliberate Force
http//www.balkan-archive.org.yu/kosta/nato/
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Srebrenica Massacre July 1995

• Labeled a Gendercide since military-age men were
  targeted
  
• Intercepted radio message, "You must kill
  everyone. We don't need anyone alive, from
  Bosnian Serb General Radivoj Krstic.

http//www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html
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http//www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html

• Red Cross estimates 7,079 dead and missing in
  Srebrenica alone
  
• Other estimates from 8,000 to 10,000

22
http//www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html
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Dayton Accords

• December 14, 1995 the nationalist militia goals
  were somewhat reached with the official division
  of Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs within Bosnia
  
• 278,000 dead and missing
• 1,325,000 refugees and exiles from Bosnia and
  Herzegovina

http//www.gendercide.org/case_bosnia.html
http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
croatianrelief.org/images/sarajevo6.jpgimgrefurl
http//www.croatianrelief.org/menu/allphoto.htmh
282w529sz54tbnidzanm94y0qQ8Jtbnh68tbnw1
28start19prev/images3Fq3Ddestruction2Bof2B
sarajevo26hl3Den26lr3D26sa3DN
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• Dayton Accord Line of 1995
• Separates Bosnian Serbs in Republika Srpska
  from Bosniaks and Croats in the Muslim-Croat
  Federation

Grossmans EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point
Presentation
25
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Who is responsible?

• Slobodan Milosevic and his Serbian regime
• Croats commit atrocities against Bosnian Serbs
  and Bosniaks
  
• Bosniaks also commit atrocities against Bosnian
  Serbs and Croats
  
• Historic hatred of Bosniaks by both Orthodox
  Christians and Catholics dating from the Ottoman
  Turk occupation

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Aftermath

• Much of Sarajevos beauty as seen by the world
  during the 1984 Summer Olympics is reduced to a
  massive pile of rubble, as well as many other
  areas of Bosnia

http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
croatianrelief.org/images/sarajevo6.jpgimgrefurl
http//www.croatianrelief.org/menu/allphoto.htmh
282w529sz54tbnidzanm94y0qQ8Jtbnh68tbnw1
28start19prev/images3Fq3Ddestruction2Bof2B
sarajevo26hl3Den26lr3D26sa3DN
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Caution Minefield!

• During the war, 2 to 3 million mines are sewn
  throughout Bosnia as a terror technique by the
  Serbian army and other forces
  
• Humanitarian efforts still exist today to disarm
  the countless minefields
  

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http//www.mech.uwa.edu.au/jpt/demining/countries/
balkans/sara3.html
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Casualties from Mines
http//enrin.grida.no/htmls/bosnia/bosnia2002/land
mines.html
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Can future ethnic conflicts be prevented?
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Bibiliography

• Slide 3 CIA The World Fact Book
  http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
  bk.html
  
• Slide 6 Encyclopedia http//encyclopedia.labor
  lawtalk.com/BosniaksHistory
  
• Slide 7 http//encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Bos
  niaksHistory
  
• Slide 8 http//encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Bos
  niaksHistory
  
• Slide 9 Encyclopedia http//encyclopedia.labor
  lawtalk.com/Eastern_OrthodoxyHistory
  
• Slide 10 http//encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Bo
  sniaksHistory
  
• Slide 11 http//encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Bo
  sniaksHistory
  
• Slide 12 Answers.com http//www.answers.com/to
  pic/history-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina
  
• The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project
  http//www.kakarigi.net/manu/briefhis.htm
  
• Slide 13 http//www.kakarigi.net/manu/briefhis.h
  tm
  
• Slide 14 http//www.answers.com/topic/history-of
  -bosnia-and-herzegovina
  
• Slide 15 List of Member States
  http//www.un.org/Overview/unmember.html
  
• Slide 16 http//www.kakarigi.net/manu/briefhis.h
  tm
  
• Slide 17 The Yugoslav Civil War
  http//www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lect25.htm
  
• http//www.kakarigi.net/manu/briefhis.htm

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• Slide 18 http//www.answers.com/topic/history-of
  -bosnia-and-herzegovina
  
• Slide 19 Chronology of NATOs Involvement
  http//www.cco.caltech.edu/bosnia/natoun/natochro
  .html
  
• Slide 20 BBC News http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/w
  orld/europe/675945.stm
  
• Slide 21 http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe
  /675945.stm
  
• Slide 23 http//www.answers.com/topic/history-of
  -bosnia-and-herzegovina
  
• Slide 24 http//www.answers.com/topic/history-of
  -bosnia-and-herzegovina
  
• Slide 27 Google Images http//images.google.co
  m/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.croatianrelief.org/imag
  es/sarajevo6.jpgimgrefurlhttp//www.croatianreli
  ef.org/menu/allphoto.htmh282w529sz54tbnidz
  anm94y0qQ8Jtbnh68tbnw128start19prev/image
  s3Fq3Ddestruction2Bof2Bsarajevo26hl3Den26lr
  3D26sa3DN
• Slide 28 Environment in BIH 2002
  http//enrin.grida.no/htmls/bosnia/bosnia2002/land
  mines.html