PROTISTS

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• COMMON EXAMPLES
• Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium
• EUKARYOTIC
• Have a nuclear membrane
• VERY DIVERSE GROUP
• most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic
• Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual,
  asexual

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• ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
• Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic
  relationships with prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells
• Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved
  with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria
  and chloroplasts

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• EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
• Water balance osmoregulation
• Done by contractile vacuole
• Wastes removed by diffusion
• RESPIRATION
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

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• REPRODUCTION
• Asexual
• Mitosis and cytokinesis
• Budding similar to mitosis except daughter cell
  is smaller than parent
• Schizogony nucleus divides many times and
  cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as
  there are nuclei

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• SEXUALLY
• Meiosis special nuclear division to reduce
  chromosome number to haploid
• Union of gametes diploid zygote
• Syngamy fertilization between two individuals
• Autogamy two gametes fuse within one organism
• Parthenogenesis development of organism from
  gamete without fertilization
• Conjugation exchange of nuclear material
  between two individuals

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• DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
• KINGDOM PROTISTA

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• ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS PROTOZOA
• Classified by method of movement
• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS ALGAE

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• PROTIST CLASSFICATION
• Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)
• Autotrophic
• Able to make own food
• Photosynthetic 30-40 of all photosynthesis
  worldwide is done by algae

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• PROTOZOA
• Heterotrophic
• Unicellular
• 4 groups
• Sarcodinians

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• PHYLUM SARCODINA
• Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape
• Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm
• Pseudopods (false feet)
• Plasmolemma elastic cell membrane

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• LABEL THIS AMEOBA

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• PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
• Often called flagellates because they move using
  flagella
• Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane
• Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or
  some are parasites

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• PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
• Ciliates found in fresh and salt water usually
  free-living, most are larger than other protozoa
• Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food
  vacuole, contractile vacuole
• Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation)
• Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

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• TRICHOCYSTS spindle shaped alternating between
  bases of cilia used as anchor and to paralyze
  prey
• Oral groove shallow furrow on one side of cell
  used to gather food
• Locomotion cilia avoiding reaction ? contact
  with unfavorable conditions and will move away
• Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water
  currents, electric currents, acidity and other
  chemicals

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• Reproduction
• Mitosis every 6-12 hours
• Conjugation become sticky and adhere to each
  other at oral groove and exchange nuclear material

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• PHYLUM SPOROZOA
• Members cannot move
• Reproduce by producing spores
• All endoparasites

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• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS
• Most perform photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly
  other pigments
• Divided into groups by pigment color

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• PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA
• Usually free-living (not a parasite)
• Pellicle covering membrane maintains shape
• Ectoplasm, endoplasm

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• Movement toward light using flagella flagella
  pulls cell euglenoid movement ? expansion and
  contractions of entire cell
• Nutrition can capture food can absorb
  nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis

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• PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE
• Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which
  is very similar to land plants)
• Some reproduce sexually
• Examples desmids, spirogyra

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• PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA
• Red algae, brown algae, golden algae
• RED ALGAE
• Grow in warm salt water habitats toward surface
  or deep water

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• BROWN ALGAE
• Multicellular and live in cool salt water
  habitats
• Includes giant kelps

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• Used to make a variety of products
• As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream

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• GOLDEN ALGAE
• Some species are colorless, but the vast majority
  are photosynthetic.
• particularly important in lakes, where they may
  be the primary source of food for zooplankton.

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• PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in your
  book)
• Nearly all have flagella
• Most grow in salt water

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• DINOFLAGELLATE

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• Cause the red tide
• Several microscopic marine algae are notoriously
  poisonous to hapless humans who consume them in
  shellfish.
• some species are poisonous to animals which feed
  upon them directly or indirectly.

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• FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS)
• CHARACTERISTICS
• MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES
• PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS
• DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS

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• PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
• Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as
  a human hand (one cell!)
• Single cell with many nuclei

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Myxomycota - plasmodium
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• CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING
  BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM

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• The phyla of slime molds

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• WATER MOLDS
• DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
• SOME ARE

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• IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS
• ECOLOGICAL ROLES
• Provide an essential food base in aquatic food
  chains