Articulation of the Kagayanen interdental approximant

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Articulation of the Kagayanen interdental
approximant

• An ultrasound study
• Kenneth S. Olson, SIL UND
• Jeff Mielke, U. Ottawa
• LSA 2007, Anaheim

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Outline of talk

• Overview of interdental approximant
• Articulation of interdental approximant in
  Kagayanen (ultrasound and video study)
• Implications of interdental approximant for
  theories of tongue movement

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1.Overview

• Geographic distribution
• Transcription
• Articulation
• Phonology
• Origin
• Sociolinguistics
• IPA symbol?

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(No Transcript)
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Transcription ð?

• Eth ð
• Lowering sign ?

Cf. IPA (199920,25), Ladefoged Maddieson
(1996322-324)
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Articulation
pað?ad palm of hand
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Previous descriptions

• Near-open front unrounded approximant (Olson
  2006)
• Central resonant oral (Gieser 195817)
• L-colored glide (Harmon 197717)
• Palatal lateral (Wiens 197641)
• ly (Gallman 19748)
• Sublaminal labial (Everett 198294)

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Articulation
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Articulation

• Interdental and dental not known to contrast
  (IPA has one category). Cf. Ladefoged Maddieson
  (1996 143)
• General forwarding of tongue body
• No velarization
• Degree of tongue protrusion can vary widely

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Phonology

• Complementary distribution with l
• l occurs
• Word-initially
• In geminate clusters
• VC_V (C is dental or alveolar)
• Contiguous to i
• ð? elsewhere
• Contrasts with l in loanwords dað?a send
  vs. sala living room

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Reflexes of ð?

• ? Aklanon, Buhinon
• ? Madukayong Kalinga, Balangao, Mansaka, Upper
  Tanudan Kalinga
• ? Southern Kalinga

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Hypothesis on origin

• Retention from proto-Philippine (Western Malayo
  Polynesian?)
• Fringe areas
• Widely scattered
• Different Philippine subgroups
• Northern Philippines
• Meso Philippines
• Southern Philippines
• Phonological patterns are maintained

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Stigmatization

• Speakers often avoid using the sound with
  outsiders.
• Outsiders often mock the use of the sound.
• Hypothesis With increasing pressure from
  majority cultures, the sound could become
  endangered.

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Should ð? have an IPA symbol?

• Contrastive (contrasts with l in loan words)
• Bilingual speakers replace English ð with d?
  rather than ð?
• The sound is common
• Native vocabulary
• Core vocabulary
• Occurs in all grammatical categories

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Suggested IPA symbol
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2. Articulation in Kagayanen

• Research questions
• How is the sound articulated?
• Where is the major constriction?
• Is there a secondary articulation of
  velarization? (cf. Harmon 197716)
• What are the factors governing the degree of
  tongue protrusion?

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Subject

• Age 27
• Sex F
• Places lived
• Palawan (ages 022)
• Montana (ages 2227)
• College-educated
• Both parents are from Cagayan
• Also speaks English, Tagalog, Ilongo

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Procedures

• Audio recording of the subjects voice
• Video recording of subject's profile
• Ultrasound video of the tongue (generated with U
  of As SonoSite TITAN portable ultrasound unit)
• Mouthful of water for palate image

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Procedures, cont.

• 13 repetitions of target words in carrier phrase
  ambað??n no _____ isap Say ___ again.
• Head/transducer movement correction
• Palatron equipment/algorithm (Mielke et al
  2005)
• Palatoglossatron software (Baker 2006)
• Target words analyzed by visual inspection of
  ultrasound images and video

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Procedures, cont.
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A. No velarization

• su1ð?u2 fingernail

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No velarization
sað?ag nest
sawa spouse
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No velarization

• one-tailed t-test (assuming equal variances)
• n119, n228
• t8.54
• df45
• p0.0000000000282 (lt0.001, i.e. very
  highly significant)

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Laterality

• ð? sounds L-colored 1300 Hz antiresonance
• In fricative ð, closure between molars and
  sides of tongue
• ð? tongue protrusion antagonistic with molar
  closure (conservation of volume)
• Airflow around sides of tongue in ð?
• Non-protruding ð/ð? (e.g. Spanish but not
  Danish) tends to be more central by comparison.

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B. Factors governing degree of tongue protrusion

• Speaker awareness
• Adjacent vowels

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i. Speaker awareness

• E.g. ambað?1?n no wað?2?? isap Say face again.

ð?1
ð?2
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Speaker awareness
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Speaker awareness
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Speaker awareness

• one-tailed t-test (assuming equal variances)
• n17
• t5.11
• df32
• p0.00000635 (lt0.001, i.e. very highly
  significant)

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ii. Adjacent vowels

• uð?u head

pað?ad palm
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Adjacent vowels

• One way ANOVA
• n13
• F31.57
• p0.000 (rounding to three places)
• Strong evidence of difference
• Mean protrusion distances evenly spaced

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3. Tongue movement

• Simple muscular articulation, involves only
  lowering of jaw and protrusion of tongue.
• Sagittal view from ultrasound indicates no
  raising or lowering of tongue.
• Tongue body remains relaxed during articulation.
• Supports anatomical studies (e.g. Takemoto 2001)
  that suggest that protrusion of the tongue
  involves mainly the posterior portion of the
  genioglossus (Adam Baker, p.c.).

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Conclusions

• Primary constriction is interdental
• No velarization
• Factors governing the degree of tongue
  protrusion
• Speaker awareness
• Adjacent vowels
• Tongue protrusion does not require rigidity in
  the tongue body.

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Future research

• More subjects
• More languages
• Naïve speakers
• Explore laterality
• Perceptual study

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Acknowledgments

• Steve and Rose Andrus, Adam Baker, Rudy Barlaan,
  Bel Carress, Josephine Daguman, James and
  Kathleen Dorn, Gary DuBois, Lito and Vicky
  Dumatog, Dick Gieser, Brad Keating, Glenn and
  Jewell Machlan, Ignacio Magangat, Lani Mallorca,
  Alfred and Racquel Mijares, Tom Payne, Carol
  Pebley, Steve Quackenbush, Dean Salter, Steve
  Walter, Chuck Walton, David Zorc
• Arizona Phonological Imaging Laboratory
• College of Social and Behavioral Sciences,
  University of Arizona
• James S. McDonnell Foundation grant 220020045
  BBMB to Diana Archangeli and Bob Kennedy
• Translators Association of the Philippines
• SIL-Philippines, SIL Academic Affairs, SIL Asia
  Area
• ERA Realty, Great Falls, Montana

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References

• Baker, Adam. 2006. Palatoglossatron 1.0.
• Everett, Daniel L. 1982. Phonetic rarities in
  Pirahã. Journal of the International Phonetic
  Association 12 9496.
• Gallman, Andrew F. 1974. A reconstruction of
  proto-Mansakan. University of Texas at Arlington
  M.A. Thesis.
• Gieser, C. Richard. 1958. The phonemes of
  Kalinga. Studies in Philippine linguistics by
  members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics,
  ed. by A. Capell and S. Wurm, pp. 1023. (Oceania
  Linguistic Monographs, 3.) Sydney University of
  Sydney.
• Grayden, Bruce. 1979. The Southern Kalinga /l/.
  Papers in Philippine Linguistics 9 91100.
  (Pacific Linguistics, Series A - Occasional
  Papers, 50.) Canberra Australian National
  University.
• Harmon, Carol W. 1977. Kagayanen and the Manobo
  subgroup of Philippine languages. University of
  Hawaii at Manoa Ph.D. dissertation. International
  Phonetic Association. 1999. Handbook of the
  International Phonetic Association. Cambridge
  Cambridge University Press.
• Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The
  sounds of the worlds languages. Oxford
  Blackwell.

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References, cont.

• MacGregor, Louise A. 1995. Kagayanen
  Introduction and wordlist. Comparative
  Austronesian dictionary An introduction to
  Austronesian studies, part 1 fascicle 1, ed. by
  Darrell T. Tryon, pp. 363368. (Trends in
  Linguistics. Documentation, 10.) Berlin Mouton
  de Gruyter.
• Mielke, Jeff Adam Baker Diana Archangeli and
  Sumayya Racy. 2005. Palatron A technique for
  aligning ultrasound images of the tongue and
  palate. Coyote Papers 14 96107. (Working Papers
  in Linguistics, Linguistic Theory at the
  University of Arizona, ed. by Daniel Siddiqi and
  Benjamin V. Tucker.)
• Olson, Kenneth S. 2006. A different type of
  approximant. Paper presented at the Linguistic
  Society of America annual meeting, January 2006,
  Albuquerque.
• Payne, Thomas. 1978. The comparative method
  applied to a problem of phonological merger in
  four central Philippine languages. ms.
• Takemoto H. 2001. Morphological analyses of the
  human tongue musculature for three-dimensional
  modeling. Journal of Speech, Language, and
  Hearing Research 44 97107.
• Wiens, Hartmut. 1976. Phonological features of
  Limos Kalinga, with comments on affected speech.
  Philippine Journal of Linguistics 7(1) 3847.

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Download/Contact info

• www.sil.org/olsonk/downloads
• Ken_Olson_at_sil.org
• jmielke_at_uOttawa.ca