King Aims in the South

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King Aims in the South

• South - Initial aims were to end segregation and
  gain political equality for blacks
• Peaceful protest and Christian values
• Sit ins
• Boycotts
• Believed in a peaceful integration of whites and
  blacks.
• Able to successfully create empathy for the black
  population, especially from white Northerners who
  did not support southern racists

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King Aims in the North

• North influence spread North. King sought a
  more economic approach to Northern economic
  ghettos (1960s)
• Supported a distribution of wealth to poor
• Not well received by middle class white
  population in North
• Not willing to pay higher taxes to support black
  population
• Increased racism
• Differed with Malcolm X aims
• Malcolm X supported a separate nation of blacks
  within the United States. Popular among the
  northern ghetto poor. Supported violent black
  backlash
• King supported peaceful integration and pointed
  to the hypocrisies of the US government system.

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Methods of Martin Luther King Jr.
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Believed in integration and peaceful protest

• His methods were motivated by his Christianity
  faith
• Loving ones enemy
• Kings methods could be compared to Gandhi in
  India and Africa.
• The method of making ones enemy conscious of
  their injustice through passiveness

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The Marches

• King led a march in Albany in 1962, where he was
  arrested, one of his favorite methods.
• His arrests, he thought, were an effective ways
  to bring dramatic attention to this cause
• The media started to lose interest with King. He
  then responded by bringing children into the
  marches.
• This was particularly brutal of King.

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Kings Cold War Spin

• King used these situation to make the point that
  in a free country, which trumpeted its belief
  in freedom and democracy throughout the Cold War
  world, a man could get arrested for participation
  in a protest march against discrimination and in
  equality

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Achievements of Martin Luther King Jr.

• Seth and Jon

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Evaluating the Success of Martin Luther King Jr.

• -Direct nonviolent action in the south
• - Action in the Northern Ghettos

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Direct nonviolent action in the south

• In some cases met with direct success.
• Examples Montgomery Busses desegregated in 1956
  as a result from the Montgomery Bus boycotts. The
  SNCC sit ins in 1960 sped up the desegregation in
  some stores and schools in Atlanta, GA.

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Direct nonviolent action in the south

• In some cases prompted legislative movement.
• Examples The Birmingham marches in 1963, Author
  argues that this led Kennedy to push for civil
  rights legislation. Author also argues that the
  march on Washington in 1963 demonstrated the
  Black and White belief in the American dream,
  and led to the passing of the 1964 civil rights
  act. Which legally ended segregation in the
  south.
• Improved suffrage for the blacks Voting rights
  act of 1965

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Setbacks

• The Albany movement was largely unsuccessful, the
  St. Augustine Florida movement was also
  unsuccessful. He also Failed to minimize inter
  organizational tensions between SNCC and NAACP.

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Action in the Northern Ghettos

• Northern whites and white churches were often
  keen supporters of change in the South, but they
  did not want to pay the taxes that would be
  needed to improve black ghetto life.
• Though he had strong intentions he was not able
  to stir the masses in the north, while he spoke
  on an ideal solution and this in and of itself is
  valuable he was largely unable to rile the
  peoples.

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Malcom Xs Aims
Willi Ethan and Alana
4/23/08
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Uplift the Station

• He wanted to help uplift the station of the black
  man
• What is looked upon as an American dream for
  white people has long been an American nightmare
  for black people.

4/23/08
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Separationism

• Malcom's main aim was separating the black race
  from the white. not segregation but separatism
  that would leave the blacks in control.
• His Nation of Islam beliefs held that whites were
  evil while blacks were good. thus explaining the
  separation.

4/23/08
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Regain Pride

• He aimed to save the black people from a life of
  crime such as lie had in his early life and to
  regain pride in their race.

4/23/08
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Methods of Malcolm XHistory is not hatred.

• Sophie, Olivia, and Youn Chang

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Malcolm X Methods

• Followed UNIA like his father had which advocated
  separatism.
• Also the aim for separatism came from the Nation
  of Islams Elijah Muhammad who said whites were
  the root of black peoples problems and they
  should separate.
• Malcolm was for violence if attacked like the
  Nation of Islam, also to gain attention and
  respect.
• Malcolm contended that nonviolence disarmed the
  oppressed
• He was a strong pedagogue, exciting angry crowds
  in rallies
• An example of a rally was when a black Muslim was
  beaten by a policeman in NY in 1957. Malcolm
  gathered a crowd of 800 blacks threatening the
  police until they were sure the man was cared
  for.

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Methods

• He believed political participation was the best
  method for success so he broke with the Nation of
  Islam because they were against it.
• Nearing the end of his legacy, he said his
  extreme methods made MLKs methods look more
  acceptable to whites, which he mentioned
  positively.
• However in a survey, which asked blacks which
  methods they thought were most effective 75
  chose Kings and only 6 chose Malcolms.

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Quotes

• My hobby is stirring up negroes.
• What is looked upon as an American dream for
  white people has long been an American nightmare
  for black people.
• Malcolm X on being an extremist, Yes I am an
  extremist, the black race in North America is an
  extremely bad condition.
• Obituary by Newsweek on Malcolm X, An
  extravagant talker, a demagogue who titillated
  slum negroes and frightened whites with his
  blazing racist attacks on the white devils.

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Videos
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Malcolm X

• Achievements
• James, Paul, Heegon

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Black Power

• Changed the movement from a non-violent to an
  aggressive movement
• Appealed to the poorest classes of blacks, those
  that lived in the ghettos
• My hobby is stirring up negroes
• A bloodbath is on its way in America
• The negroes should take whatever steps are
  necessary to defend themselves

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Black Pride

• He taught me that I was more than a Little
  Black Sambo or kinky hair or n-----.
• Gave blacks a sense of identity and worth which
  caused them to fight for equality, but
  separatism, which was different from Kings aims
  of desegregation
• Yes I am an extremist. The black race in North
  America is in extremely bad condition

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Religious Achievements

• Brought Nation of Islam to the forefront of the
  black Civil Rights Movement
• Minister of a Mosque
• Was a spokesperson for and a major cause of
  increase in membership of Nation of Islam
• Went from a few thousand members to 40,000

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Indirect Help

• Malcolm Xs radical speeches and views of
  violence made King a much more appealing
  alternative
• The riots and other forms of violence that
  Malcolm X helped create caused whites to see that
  Kings methods and aims were less detrimental to
  white society
• Whites were less intimidated by King, more likely
  to accept

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• I am speaking as a victim of this American
  system, and I see America through the eyes of a
  victim. I dont see any American dream, I see an
  American nightmare.
• - Speech, Ohio, April 1964