The French Revolution

1
The French Revolution

• Part ThreeNapoleon Bonaparte

2
Napoleons Background
Audio

• From CorsicaItalian in 88/ French in 89
• Family background poor nobles
• Revolutionary to Girondists Your success is the
  object of the prayers of all the notorious
  aristocrats.
  
• Military strategy and tacticsuse of technology,
  quick maneuvers
  
• Good sense of propaganda
• Good administrator

3
Siege of Toulon(with hindsight)

• Aug. 93
• Promise of English fleet, 6000 Austrian troops,
  (never arrived)Spanish fleet and 6000 troops
  (unreliable)7000 Neapolitan troops
  (unreliable)end only 2000 troops to defend
  Toulon
• Montagnard General Carteaux 10,000 troops, short
  of artilleryartillery commander woundedNapoleon
  brought in to replace him

Audio
4
Narrative of Toulons rebellion and siege
Audio

• August 27-28 Toulon rebelledAnglo-Spanish ships
  landing17,000 troops landing (Spaniards, French
  royalists, Neapolitans, Piedmontese, and
  British)
• Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 50, 30 years sea
  experience, over 100 guns (canons)
  
• French Revolutionary side only ½ dozen
  canonsGeneral Carteaux artist by training,
  amateur soldier
  
• Captain Bonaparte, on route to NiceCristoforo
  Salicetti and Paul Francois de Barras

5
First lucky break

• Deputy Salicete, Corsican and old family friend
• Commanders Dugommier and du Teilgave Napoleon a
  free hand
  
• Opportunity in the rough
• Paul Francois de Barras on the way up
• Audio

6
99 Perspiration

• Appointment Artillery Officer, Sept. 93.
• Survey of topography
• Scavenging for cannons and mortars in Avignon,
  Antibes, Nice, and Marseilles
  
• 90 artillery pieces (24 pounders),300 horses,
  mules, oxen
  
• Promoted Major
• before the week is out, Toulon will be yours.

Audio
7
Harder than it Looks

• Carteaux Doppet General Jean Francois
  Dugommier
  
• Napoleons objective isolate by land and sea,
  force enemy ships to withdraw
  
• Take battery at LGuillette
• Dec. 17, 93 decisive assaultalso Fort Mulgrave
  and Fort dArtigues
  
• Dec. 18 Admiral Hood evacuates,leaves Toulon to
  its fate
  
• Dec. 19Revolutionary occupation and Royalist
  Collaborators rounded up and slaughtered.
  

Audio
8
milking it

• To Ministry of War I promised you brilliant
  successes, and, as you see, I have kept my
  word.
  
• General du Teil to the war minister on Napoleon
  I cannot find praiseworthy enough words to
  describe Bonapartes full worth, he has a solid
  scientific knowledge of his profession and as
  much intelligence, if too much courage,
  voilathere you have but a scant sketch of th4e
  virtues of this rare officer. It now only
  remains for you, Minister, to consecrate his
  talents to the glory of the Republic!
• Augustin worthy of rising merit.
• Promoted to Brigadier-General

9
Rise and Fall of the Montagnards

• Rise 1793 Fall 1794
• Luck? Timing and Place
• Arrested and cleared
• Salicette
• Insult of an infantry commission
• Barras and the Tuileries incident (General
  Danican)
  
• Whiff of grape shot crowds forced towards Eglise
  St. Roch, 1400 dead

Audio
10
Military philosophy

• I made the troops fire ball at first because to
  a mob who are ignorant of firearms, it is the
  worst possible policy to start out by firing
  blanks. For the populace, hearing a great noise,
  are a little frightened after the first discharge
  but, looking around them and seeing nobody killed
  or wounded, they pluck up their spirits, begin
  immediately to despise you, become twice as
  insolent, and rush on fearlessly, and it becomes
  necessary to kill ten times the number that would
  have been killed if ball had been used in the
  first place. -Napoleon

11
More luck?

• Barras opportunism
• Freron (friend or foe?)Do not forget, citizens,
  that General Buona-Parte, who had only that
  morning to station his cannon so cleverly, the
  fortunate results of which you have clearly seen
  yourselves
• Major-General Commander in chief of the Army of
  the Interior.
  
• Audio

12
Josephine

• Creole, island of Martinique (Caribbean)
• Marie Josephe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie, 1763
• Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais
• Eugene and Hortense
• Audio

13
Campaigns

• 1797 Italy Papal states, Naples, Tuscany, and
  Kingdom of Piedmont
  
• 1798 Egyptshooting of 3000 Jaffa
  prisonersrosetta stone
  
• Audio

14
Brumaire Coup

• Nov. 9, 99 meeting with Directory
• Interrupts Council of 500
• Murat and Sieyes
• Lucien The President of the Council of 500
  declares to you that the great majority of the
  council is, at this moment, terrorized by certain
  deputies armed with daggersthese brigands were
  doubtless in the pay of England
• Napoleon I went to speak to them, and they
  answered me with daggers
  

Audio
15
Brumaire Coup

• Murat with grenadiers (soldiers)
• 7p.m. Napoleon, Sieyes,and Ducos in Council of
  3
  
• Sieyes confidence from below, authority fro
  above
  
• Audio

16
Has the revolution survived?

• Oligarchy
• Political and economic stabilityBank of France
• Repressivebut not unpredictable
• Audio

17
Napoleonic Code on Women

• Property
• Work
• Divorce during the RevolutionLiberalized in 92
  60/year in Paris
  
• Divorce under code by mutual consentadultery,
  physical violence, or moral cruelty
  
• Audio

18
Divorce

• Men over 25 women over 21, under 45married over
  2 years, under 20 years
  
• Minors when married, need parental consent
• Portalis A wifes infidelity implies more
  corruption and has more dangerous effects than
  that of her husband so the man always has been
  judged less severely than the woman.
• Audio

19
Divorce

• Either can petition
• Adultery defined
• Punishment women confined 3 months to 2 years
  men fined (100-2000 francs)
  
• Murder men excusablewomen, not excusable
• Fathers rights assertedsons under 25 daughters
  21
  
• 25-30/21-25
• over 30/25

Audio
20

• 1802 Napoleon voted consul for life
• 1804 Crowns himself emperorFrance is a
  monarchy
  
• French Empireeasy come, easy go?RussiaSpain
• Audio

21
Napoleonic code

• Restrictions on Women
• Republican reforms (or the semblance)
• Human rights
• Jews
• Trade and Technology
• Audio

22
End of Napoleon

• 1814 forced to abdicateLouis 18, new
  monarchNapoleon exiled to Elba
  
• 1815 waterlooexiled to St Helena
• Poisoned
• Audio

23
Discussion

• When do you date the end of the French
  Revolution. Why? In order to discuss this well,
  you must define the revolution. Only then can you
  define its end.