Three Worlds Meet

1
Three Worlds Meet

• Chapter 1

2
The Pomo People

• Native American people of Northern California.
• Their historic territory was on the Pacific
  Coast.
• Etymology
• The name Pomo it originally meant "those who live
  at red earth hole"

3
The Pomo People

• Culture
• They were not socially or politically linked as a
  large unified "tribe."
• Instead, they lived in small groups ("bands") and
  relied upon fishing, hunting and gathering for
  their food.
• Religion
• The Pomo people participated in shamanism
• Shamanic intervention with the spirit world and
  an all-male society that met in subterranean
  dance rooms.
• The Pomo believed in a supernatural being the
  Kuksu

4
The Pomo People

• The way of life of the Pomo people changed with
  the arrival of immigrating Spanish and
  European-Americans in California.
• At first with the Spanish missionaries, some of
  the southern Pomo were moved to the Mission San
  Francisco, later the Mission Sonoma to work and
  live.
• In 1837 a very deadly epidemic of smallpox that
  came from settlements at Fort Ross wiped out most
  native people in the Sonoma and Napa regions.

5
The Kwakwaka'wakw

• Are an indigenous nation, who live in British
  Columbia on northern Vancouver Island
• The Kwakwaka'wakw are made up of 17 tribes who
  all speak the common language
• Their society was highly stratified, with three
  main classes, determined by heredity nobles,
  commoners, and slaves.

6
The Kwakwaka'wakw

• Their economy was based primarily on fishing,
  with the men also engaging in some hunting, and
  the women gathering wild fruits and berries.
• Ornate weaving and woodwork were important
  crafts, and wealth, defined by slaves and
  material goods, was prominently displayed and
  traded at potlatch ceremonies.

7
The Kwakwaka'wakw

• Contact with Europeans
• The first documented contact was with Captain
  George Vancouver in 1792.
• Disease, which developed as a result of direct
  contact with European settlers along the West
  Coast of Canada, drastically reduced the
  Indigenous Kwakwaka'wakw population during the
  late nineteenth-early twentieth century.

8
The Kwakwaka'wakw

• The Tribes
• Kwakwaka'wakw were historically organized into 17
  different tribes.
• Each tribe has its own clans, chiefs, history,
  culture and peoples, but remain collectively
  similar to the rest of the kwaka'wala speaking
  tribes.
• After the epidemics and colonization, some tribes
  have become extinct, and others have been merged
  into communities or First Nations band
  governments.

9
The Kwakwaka'wakw

• Society
• Kinship With large extended families and inter
  connected tribal life.

10
Puebloan Peoples

• The Pueblo people are a Native American people in
  the Southwestern United States.
• Their traditional economy is based on agriculture
  and trade.
• When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th
  century, they were living in villages that the
  Spanish called pueblos, meaning "villages".
• Of the approximately 25 pueblos that exist today,
  Taos, Acoma, Zuñi, and Hopi are the best-known.

11
Iroquois

• The Iroquois Confederacy (the "League of Peace
  and Power", the "Five Nations" the "Six
  Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse") is a
  group of First Nations/Native Americans that
  originally consisted of five nations the Mohawk,
  the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the
  Seneca.
• A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the
  original five nations were formed.
• At the time Europeans first arrived in North
  America, the Confederacy was based in what is now
  the northeastern United States primarily in what
  is referred to today as upstate New York.

12
Features of Confederacy

• The confederacy was a union of Five Tribes, under
  one government on the basis of equality
• It created a Great Council of Sachems, who were
  limited in number, equal in rank and authority,
  and invested with supreme powers over all matters
  pertaining to the Confederacy.
• Fifty sachemships were created and named in
  tribes
• Unanimity in the Council of the Confederacy was
  made essential to every public act.
• In the General Council the sachems voted by
  tribes, which gave to each tribe a veto over the
  others.
• The Council of each tribe had power to convene
  the General Council but the latter had no power
  to convene itself.

• The General Council was open to the orators of
  the people for the discussion of public
  questions but the Council alone decided.
• The Confederacy had no chief executive
  magistrate, or official head.
• Experiencing the necessity for a general military
  commander, they created the office in a dual
  form, that one might neutralize the other. The
  two principal war-chiefs were made equal in
  powers.
• Equality between the sexes had a strong adherence
  in the Confederacy, and the women held real
  power, particularly the power to approve or veto
  declarations of war.
• The Grand Council of Sachems were chosen by the
  clan mothers, and if any leader failed to comply
  with the wishes of the women and the Great Law of
  Peace, he could be removed by the clan mothers.

13
Example to the United States

• The Iroquois nations' political union and
  democratic government has been credited as one of
  the influences on the Articles of Confederation
  and the United States Constitution.

14
Member Nations

• The first five nations listed below formed the
  original Five Nations (listed from west to
  north) the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in
  1720.

15
Confederation
English name Iroquoian Meaning 17th/18th century location
Seneca Onondowahgah "People of the Great Hill" Seneca Lake and Genesee River
Cayuga Guyohkohnyoh "People of the Great Swamp" Cayuga Lake
Onondaga Onöñda'gega' "People of the Hills" Onondaga Lake
Oneida Onayotekaono "People of Standing Stone" Oneida Lake
Mohawk Kanien'kéhaka "People of the Great Flint" Mohawk River
Tuscarora Ska-Ruh-Reh "Shirt-Wearing People" From North Carolina²
16
Government

• The Iroquois have a representative government
  known as the Grand Council.
• The Grand Council is the oldest governmental
  institution still maintaining its original form
  in North America.

17
Government

• Each tribe sends chiefs to act as representatives
  and make decisions for the whole nation.
• The number of chiefs has never changed.
• 14 Onondaga
• 10 Cayuga
•   9 Oneida
•   9 Mohawk
•   8 Seneca
•   0 Tuscarora

18
West Africa

• West Africa in the 1400s was home to a variety of
  peoples and cultures.

19
Songhai

• From western Africa related to the Mandé.
• They and the Mandé were the dominant ethnic
  groups in the Songhai Empire which dominated the
  western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century.
• The Songhai are found primarily throughout Mali.
• The empire saw its pre-eminent rise under the
  military strategist and influential Songhai king,
  Sonni Ali Ber.

20
Songhai

• It began its rise in 1468 when Sonni Ali
  conquered much of the weakening Mali empire's
  territory as well as Timbuktu, famous for its
  Islamic universities, and the pivotal trading
  city of Jenne.
• Among the country's most formidable scholars,
  professors and lecturers was Ahmed Baba a highly
  distinguished historian frequently quoted in the
  Tarikh-es-Sudan and other works.
• The people consisted of mostly fishermen and
  traders.

21
Songhai

• Following Sonni Ali's death, Muslim factions
  rebelled against his successor and installed
  Soninke general, Askia Muhammad (formerly
  Muhammad Tuore) who was to be the first and most
  important ruler of the Askia dynasty (14921592).

22
Songhai

• Under the Askias, the Songhai Empire reached its
  zenith.
• Following Askia Muhammad, or Askia the Great's
  death, the empire began to collapse.
• It was enormous and could not be kept under
  control.

23
Songhai

• The kingdom of Morroco saw Songhay's still
  flourished salt and gold trade and decided that
  it would be a good asset.
• They invaded in 1591, marking the end of the
  Songhay Empire.

24
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)

• A large pre-colonial African state of modern
  Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the
  modern-day country called Benin (and formerly
  called Dahomey). Founded in 1180 AD.

25
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)

• Golden Age
• Oba Ewuare, is credited with turning Benin City
  into a military fortress protected by moats and
  walls.
• It was from this bastion that he launched his
  military campaigns.
• At its maximum extent in the east of Nigeria,
  through parts the southwestern region of Nigeria,
  Modern day Benin Republic, Togo, and into the
  present-day nation of Ghana.
• The state developed an advanced artistic culture
  especially in its famous artifacts of bronze,
  iron and ivory.

26
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)

• European contact
• The first European to reach Benin were Portuguese
  explorers in about 1485.
• A strong mercantile relationship developed, with
  the Portuguese trading tropical products, and
  increasingly slaves, for European goods and guns.
  
• In the early 16th century the Oba sent an
  ambassador to Lisbon, and the king of Portugal
  sent Christian missionaries to Benin.
• The first English expedition to Benin was in
  1553, and a significant trade soon grew up
  between England and Benin based on the export of
  ivory, palm oil and pepper.
• Trade consisted of 20 ivory, 30 slaves, and
  50 other things.

27
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)

• Decline
• The city and empire of Benin declined after 1700.

28
Kingdom of Kongo

• Early history
• The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 1914) was an African
  kingdom located in west central Africa in what
  are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of
  the Congo, and the western portion of the
  Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• At its greatest extent, it reached from the
  Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Kwango River in
  the east, and from the Congo River in the north
  to the Kwanza River in the south.
• They farmed by at least 1000 BC and worked iron
  by at least 400 BC.

29
Kingdom of Kongo

• Formation
• According to Kongo tradition, the kingdom's
  origin lies in the small state of Mpemba Kasi,
  located just south of modern day Matadi in the
  Democratic Republic of Congo.
• A dynasty of rulers from this small polity built
  up their rule along the Kwilu valley and were
  buried in Nsi Kwilu, its capital.

30
Kingdom of Kongo

• Late fifteenth century
• By the time of the first recorded contact with
  the Europeans, the Kingdom of Kongo was a highly
  developed state at the center of an extensive
  trading network.
• Apart from natural resources and ivory, the
  country manufactured and traded copperware,
  ferrous metal goods, raffia cloth, and pottery.

31
Kingdom of Kongo

• Portuguese
• In 1482, the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão sailed
  up the uncharted Congo River, stumbling on Kongo
  villages and becoming the first European to
  encounter the Kongo kingdom.
• During his visit, Cão left his men in Kongo while
  kidnapping Kongo nobles and bringing them to
  Portugal.
• He returned with the Kongo hostages in 1485
  beginning the slave trade.

32
European Society Around 1492

• Political, economic, and intellectual
  developments in Western Europe in the 1400s led
  to the Age of Expansnion.

33
The Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu

• He is known in English as Prince Henry the
  Navigator or the Seafarer
• Prince Henry the Navigator was the third child of
  King John I of Portugal
• Henry became aware of the profit possibilities in
  the Saharan trade routes.
• It is a common conception that Henry gathered at
  his Vila a school of navigators and map-makers.
  Not true

34
Vila do Infante, patron of Portuguese exploration

• Henry was somewhat interested in profits from his
  voyages.
• From the first Africans that were brought to
  Lagos for sale in 1444 he received from the
  merchants the value corresponding to the fifth
  part (o quinto) as the expedition had been
  sponsored by the shipowners.
• The nearby port of Lagos provided a convenient
  harbor from which these expeditions left.
• The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly
  the caravel, a light and maneuverable vessel that
  used the lateen sail of the Arabs.
• Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted
  of one or two ships that navigated by following
  the coast, stopping at night to tie up along some
  shore.

35
Early Results of Henry's Explorers

• Using the new ship type, the expeditions then
  pushed onwards.
• Nuno Tristão and Antão Gonçalves reached Cape
  Blanco in 1441.
• The Portuguese sighted the Bay of Arguin in 1443
  and built an important fort there around the year
  1448.

36
Early Results of Henry's Explorers

• Dinis Dias soon came across the Senegal River and
  rounded the peninsula of Cap-Vert in 1444.
• By this stage the explorers had passed the
  southern boundary of the desert, and from then on
  Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled the
  Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based
  trade routes across the western Sahara Desert,
  and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal.

37
Early Results of Henry's Explorers

• By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting
  of Portugal's first gold cruzado coins.
• A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time.

38
Early Results of Henry's Explorers

• From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels
  sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and the
  first private mercantile expeditions began.
• Alvise Cadamosto explored the Atlantic coast of
  Africa and discovered several islands of the Cape
  Verde archipelago between 1455 and 1456.
• March 22 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and
  the Canary Islands.
• Second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto was the first
  European to reach the Cape Verde Islands.
• António Noli later claimed the credit.

39
Early Results of Henry's Explorers

• By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of
  Africa as far as present-day nation Sierra Leone.
  
• 1490, Bartolomeu Dias (can be spelt Diaz) proved
  that Africa could be circumnavigated when he
  reached the southern tip of the continent. This
  is now known as the "Cape of Good Hope.
• 1498, Vasco da Gama was the first sailor to
  travel from Portugal to India.

40
Renaissance

• The Renaissance was a cultural movement that
  spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,
  beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages.
• As a cultural movement, it encompassed a revival
  of learning based on classical sources, the
  development of linear perspective in painting,
  and gradual but widespread educational reform.
• Traditionally, this intellectual transformation
  has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a
  bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern
  era.

41
Renaissance

• Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many
  intellectual pursuits, as well as social and
  political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for
  its artistic developments and the contributions
  of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
• There is a general consensus that the Renaissance
  began in Tuscany in the 14th century.

42
Renaissance

• Various theories have been proposed to account
  for its origins and characteristics, focusing on
  a variety of factors including the social and
  civic peculiarities of Florence at the time its
  political structure the patronage of its
  dominant family, the Medici and the migration of
  Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the
  Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the
  Ottoman Turks.

43
Renaissance

• Some have called into question whether the
  Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the
  Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of
  pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age,
  while others have instead focused on the
  continuity between the two eras.

44
Crusades

• Historical Background
• The Crusades were a series of military campaigns
  of a religious character waged by much of
  Christian Europe against external and internal
  opponents.
• The Crusades originally had the goal of
  recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from
  Muslim rule.
• The Crusades had far-reaching political,
  economic, and social impacts.

45
Crusades

• Middle Eastern Situation
• The Muslim presence in the Holy Land began with
  the initial Arab conquest of Palestine.
• 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr
  Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of
  the Holy Sepulcher.
• In 1039 they permitted the Byzantine Empire to
  rebuild it.
• Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands but
  for a time pilgrims were captured and some of the
  clergy were killed.

46
Crusades

• Western European Situation
• In 1063, Pope Alexander II had given his blessing
  to Iberian Christians in their wars against the
  Muslims, granting both a papal standard and an
  indulgence to those who were killed in battle.
• The Crusades were an outlet for an intense
  religious piety which rose up in the late 11th
  century among the lay public.

47
Crusades

• Western European Situation
• The result was an awakening of intense Christian
  piety and public interest in religious affairs.
• This was further strengthened by religious
  propaganda, advocating Just War in order to
  retake the Holy Landwhich included Jerusalem
  (where the death, resurrection and ascension into
  heaven of Jesus took place according to Christian
  theology) and Antioch (the first Christian
  city)from the Muslims.

48
Crusades

• Immediate cause
• The First Crusade was preached in 1095
• The fall of Moorish Toledo to the Kingdom of León
  in 1085
• The disunity of Muslim emirs was an essential
  factor.

49
Crusades

• Europe and the West
• Many vocal critics of the Crusades in Western
  Europe since the Renaissance, and in recent
  years, critical views of the crusades have come
  to dominate most assessments.
• Defenders of the Crusades, an embattled minority
  against a standard Crusades are regarded as
  bloody and unjustified acts of aggression.
• More comprehensive treatments seek to take
  account of both the brutality of the Crusades and
  the sincere religious motivation behind them, of
  "religious devotion and godly savagery.

50
Politics and Culture

• The Crusades had an enormous influence on the
  European Middle Ages.
• At times, much of the continent was united under
  a powerful Papacy, but by the 14th century, the
  development of centralized bureaucracies (the
  foundation of the modern nation-state)
• France
• England
• Burgundy
• Portugal
• Castile and Aragon

51
Politics and Culture

• Much knowledge in areas such as science,
  medicine, and architecture was transferred from
  the Islamic to the western world during the
  crusade era.
• The military experiences of the crusades also had
  their effects in Europe
• European castles became massive stone structures.
• Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and
  inventions.
• the development of algebra,
• optics
• refinement of engineering

52
Trade

• Roads, Roman, saw significant increases in
  traffic.
• Italian city-states had trading colonies in the
  Holy Land and Byzantine territory.

53
Trade

• Increased trade brought many things to Europeans
• variety of spices
• ivory
• jade
• diamonds
• improved glass-manufacturing techniques
• early forms of gun powder
• oranges
• Apples and other Asian crops

54
Trade

• Recovering from the Dark Ages of AD 700-1000,
  throughout the 11th century Western Europe began
  to push the boundaries of its civilization.
• In the 1300s, stability of trade with Asia
  collapsed with the Mongol Empire.
• The Mamelukes destroyed the Middle Eastern
  Crusader States.
• The Ottoman Empire impeded further Western
  European trade with Asia.
• Western Europeans sought alternate trade routes
  to Asia.

55
Protestant Reformation

• Origins
• A reform movement in Europe that began in 1517
  with Martin Luther.
• Considered to have ended with the Peace of
  Westphalia in 1648.
• The movement began as an attempt to reform the
  Catholic Church.
• Many western Catholics were troubled by what they
  saw as false doctrines and malpractices within
  the Church.
• Another major contention was the buying and
  selling church positions (simony)
• cConsiderable corruption within the Church's
  hierarchy.
• This corruption was seen by many at the time as
  systemic, even reaching the position of the Pope.

56
Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luter
• On October 31, 1517, in Saxony, Martin Luther
  nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the
  Wittenberg Castle Church, which served as a
  notice board for university-related
  announcements.
• These were points for debate that criticized the
  Church and the Pope.
• The most controversial points centered on the
  practice of selling indulgences and the Church's
  policy on Purgatory.

57
Protestant Reformation

• History and origins
• The process of reform had decidedly different
  causes and effects in England, where it gave rise
  to Anglicanism.
• There the period became known as the English
  Reformation.
• Subsequent Protestant denominations generally
  trace their roots back to the initial reforming
  movements.
• The reformers also accelerated the Catholic or
  Counter Reformation within the Catholic Church.

58
Protestant Reformation

• Conclusion and Legacy
• The Reformation led to a series of religious wars
  that culminated in the Thirty Years War. (Peace
  of Westphalia)
• 1618 -1648 the Catholic Habsburgs and their
  allies fought against the Protestant princes of
  Germany, supported by Denmark and Sweden.

59
Protestant Reformation

• Conclusion and Legacy
• The Habsburgs ruled
• Spain
• Austria
• The Spanish Netherlands and
• Most of Germany and Italy,
• The Habsburgs were the staunchest defenders of
  the Catholic Church.

60
Protestant Reformation

• Conclusion and Legacy
• The Reformation Era came to a close when Catholic
  France allied herself, first in secret and later
  on the battlefields, with the Protestants against
  the Habsburgs.

61
Peace of Westphalia

• The Main Tenets
• All parties would now recognize the Peace of
  Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have
  the right to determine the religion of his own
  state, the options being Catholicism,
  Lutheranism, and now Calvinism.
• Christians living in principalities where their
  denomination was not the established church were
  guaranteed the right to practice their faith in
  public during allotted hours and in private at
  their will.

62
Peace of Westphalia

• The Main Tenets
• The treaty also effectively ended the Pope's
  pan-European political power.
• Fully aware of the loss, Pope Innocent X declared
  the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous,
  unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of
  meaning and effect for all times."
• European Sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant
  alike, ignored his verdict.

63
Transatlantic Encounters

• Columbuss voyages set off a chain of events that
  brought together the peoples of Europe, Africa,
  and the Americas.

64
Christopher Columbus

• Background
• Born 1451 died May 20, 1506
• Academic consensus is that Columbus was born in
  Genoa, though there are other theories.
• English Christopher Columbus, Italian as
  Cristoforo Colombo, in Portuguese Cristóvão
  Colombo, and in Spanish as Cristóbal Colón.

65
Christopher Columbus

• Navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages
  across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European
  awareness of the American continents in the
  Western Hemisphere.
• Columbus initiated widespread contact between
  Europeans and indigenous Americans.
• Several attempts to establish a settlement on the
  island of Hispaniola.

66
Christopher Columbus

• 1492 voyage a time of growing national
  imperialism and economic competition between
  developing nation states seeking wealth from the
  establishment of trade routes and colonies.
• Severely underestimating the circumference of the
  Earth.
• He hypothesized that a westward route from Iberia
  to the Indies would be shorter and more direct
  than the overland trade route through Arabia.
• If true, this would allow Spain entry into the
  lucrative spice trade.

67
Christopher Columbus

• Following his plotted course, he instead landed
  within the Bahamas Archipelago at a locale he
  named San Salvador.
• Mistaking the North-American island for the
  East-Asian mainland, he referred to its
  inhabitants as "Indians".
• The anniversary of Columbus' 1492 landing in the
  Americas (Columbus Day) is observed throughout
  the Americas and in Spain on October 12.

68
Replica of the Santa Maria
69
Taino

• Background / Origins
• The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the
  Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern
  Lesser Antilles.
• It is believed that the seafaring Taínos were
  relatives of the Arawakan people of South
  America.

70
Taino

• The Taínos were historical neighbors and enemies
  of the fierce Carib tribes, another group with
  origins in South America who lived principally in
  the Lesser Antilles.
• By the 1700s, Taíno society had been devastated
  by
• smallpox
• intermarriages
• Forced assimilation into the plantation economy
  that Spain imposed in its Caribbean colonies,
  with its subsequent importation of African slave
  workers.

71
Taino

• The Spaniards who first arrived in the Bahamas,
  Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492, and later in Puerto
  Rico, did not bring women.
• They took Taíno women for their wives, which
  resulted in mestizo children

72
Taino

• Technology
• Taínos used cotton, hemp and palm extensively for
  fishing nets and ropes.
• Their dugout canoes (Kanoa) were made in various
  sizes, which could hold 2 to 150.
• They used bows and arrows, and sometimes put
  various poisons on their arrowheads.
• For warfare, they employed the use of a wooden
  war club, which they called a macana.

73
Columbian Exchange

• History
• one of the most significant events in the world
  ecology, agriculture, and culture.
• The enormous widespread exchange of plants,
  animals, foods, human populations (including
  slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between
  the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred
  after 1492.
• Many new and different goods were exchanged
  between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and it
  began a new revolution in the Americas and in
  Europe.

74
Columbian Exchange

• Unintentional introductions
• Diseases
• Many species of organisms were introduced
• Brown rats
• Earthworms (absent from parts of the
  pre-Columbian New World),
• Zebra mussels.
• Plants introduced
• many weeds such as tumbleweeds
• wild oats
• Kudzu.
• Even fungi were transported
• The one responsible for Dutch elm disease.
• Some of these species became serious nuisances
  upon being established.

75
Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
Type of organism From Old World to New World list (what they had) From New World to Old World list (what they had)
Domesticated animals bee water buffalo goose cat silkworm horse camel sheep goat chicken rock pigeon rabbit cow pig dog alpaca dog guinea pig llama turkey Black fly
76
Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
Type of organism From Old World to New World list (what they had) From New World to Old World list (what they had)
Domesticated plants almond apple apricot artichoke asparagus banana barley beet black pepper cabbage cantaloupe carrot coffee citrus cucumber cotton (short staple "Egyptian" variety) eggplant flax garlic hemp kiwifruit kola nut lettuce mango millet oat okra olive onion opium peach pea pear pistachio radish rhubarb rice rye soybean sugarcane taro tea turnip wheat watermelon walnut amaranth avocado bean bell pepper blueberry cashew chia cocoa coca chicle (chewing gum base) chili pepper (includes the bell pepper) cotton (long staple variety, 90 of modern cultivation) huckleberry maize (corn) cassava papaya peanut pecan pineapple potato quinoa rubber sunflower sweet potato squash (incl. pumpkin) strawberry (American species used in modern hybrids) tobacco tomato vanilla
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Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
Type of organism From Old World to New World list (what they had) From New World to Old World list (what they had)
Infectious diseases bubonic plague cholera influenza malaria measles scarlet fever sleeping sickness small pox tuberculosis typhoid yellow fever syphilis (possibly) Great Pox yaws yellow fever (American strains)
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Treaty of Tordesillas

• The Treaty of Tordesillas
• Signed at Tordesillas June 7, 1494,
• Divided the newly discovered lands between the
  Spanish and Portuguese.
• The lands to the east would belong to Portugal
• The lands to the west to Spain.
• The treaty was ratified by Spain July 2, 1494 and
  by Portugal, September 5, 1494.
• The other side of the world would be divided by
  the Treaty of Saragossa April 22, 1529,

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Treaty of Tordesillas

• Signing and enforcement
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to resolve
  the dispute that had been created following the
  return of Christopher Columbus.
• In 1481 the Pope granted all land south of the
  Canary Islands to Portugal.
• Very little of the newly divided area had
  actually been seen by Europeans, as it was only
  divided according to the treaty. Spain gained
  lands including most of the Americas.
• The easternmost part of current Brazil, when it
  was discovered in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral,
  was granted to Portugal.