Wars of Religion

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Wars of Religion

• How religious were they?

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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Philip II
• Militant Catholicism
• Meticulous
• If God used the Escorial (royal palace) to
  deliver my death sentence, I would be immortal.

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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Economy
• Inflation
• Debt from war

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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Spanish Netherlands
• North German and Protestant
• South French and Catholic

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• Tried to strengthen control
• Local nobles resent
• Locals dont want to pay taxes for Spanish wars
• What methods were used to collect? See Picture
• Philip tries to crush heresy

"Soldiers Plundering a Farmhouse," by Sebastian
Vrancx (1573-1647)
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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Rebellion
• In north
• Led by William of Orange
• Supported by England
• Spanish Response
• Dukes of Alva Parma
• 10,000 troops
• Increased taxes
• Council of Troubles (Inquisition)
• Sea Beggars

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Spanish/English Conflict

• Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
• Married to Philip II of Spain

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• Diplomatic advantages
• For Spain
• Financial aid to Spain
• Ally against France
• For England
• Spanish support of Catholic monarch

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Elizabeth I

• Politique
• Religion
• Church of England
• Catholic practices
• Catholic toleration
• Marriage???
• English Noble
• Too many competing families
• For Alliances
• France
• Spain
• The Virgin Queen

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Dutch Wars of Religion

• Aid to Protestants
• Stop possible invasion route

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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588
• English spot and attack
• Bad weather helps English
• Spanish pinned on Hapsburg coast
• 1,000 Spanish die

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Spanish Wars of Religion

• Netherlands divide
• South creates a Catholic Union
• North creates and Protestant Union
• Fighting doesnt end until Philip dies

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French Wars of Religion

• Monarchy was Catholic
• Valois Dynasty
• Henry II died
• Catherine DeMedicis (widow) is Regent for sons
  (dauphins)
• House of Bourbon next in line of succession
• Hugenot
• Guise Family
• Ultra-Catholics
• Controlled Paris
• Support of Pope and Spain

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French Wars of Religion

• Rivalries begin (before the actual war)
• Bourbons conspire to kidnap dauphin Francis II
• Guise family finds out and assassinates a Bourbon
• Huguenots begin destroying cathedrals
• Guise family feels Valois is not strong enough
• Francis of Guise orders execution of 3,000
  Huguenots in his territory

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French Wars of Religion

• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
• Wedding between Valois Kings (Charles) sister
  and Henry Navarre (Bourbon)
• August 24, 1572
• Huguenots agreed to come to Paris unarmed for the
  ceremony
• Duke of Guise ordered massacre
• Catholic mobs stormed through streets killing
  more than 2,000 Protestants
• Full scale civil war

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French Wars of Religion

• Whos who in the War of the Henries
• Henry of Navarre Bourbon Huguenot Noble
• Henry of Guise Ultra-Catholic
• Henry III Valois Ruler King of France

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French Wars of Religion

• War of the Three Henries
• Henry of Guise plots assassination of Henry
  Valois
• Henry III (Valois) finds out and assassinates
  Henry of Guise first
• Angry monk assassinates Henry III in retaliation
• Henry Navarre (Huguenot) becomes king.

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French Wars of Religion

• Paris is worth a Mass
• Henry Navarre converts to appease Catholics
• Edict of Nantes
• Religious toleration for Huguenots
• Catholicism becomes state religion
• No political power for Huguenots

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Thirty Years War

• Four Phases
• Bohemian Period (1618-25)
• Danish Period (1625-29)
• Swedish Period (1629-35)
• Swedish-French Period (1635-48)

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Thirty Years War

• Peace of Augsburg 1555
• No provision for Calvinism which is spreading

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Bohemian Phase

• Bohemians rejected a Hapsburg as king
• Elect Frederick II of the Palatinate
• Ferdinand intolerant

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• Defenestration of Prague
• Hapsburg official doesnt die
• Angels flew down to save him Catholic
  Explanation
• He fell in a pile of manure Protestant
  Explanation

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Bohemian Phase

• Austrian Hapsburgs attacked Bohemia
• Hapsburgs won
• Maxmillian of Bavaria rewarded with territory for
  helping

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Danish Phase

• Hapsburgs invaded northern German to attack
  Protestant (Lutheran) kingdoms
• Edict of Restitution all Protestant lands
  returned to Catholics
• Motivation for Catholic Princes to join
• Albrecht von Wallenstein
• Non-prince rewarded for raising army
• Hapsburgs (Catholics) win despite Danish aid to
  German princes

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Swedish Period1629-35

• Gustavus Adolphus invaded to aid Lutherans
• Revolt of princes (Catholic and Protestant) who
  saw mercenaries gaining power.
• Ferdinand panics reverses
• Adolphus killed in battle in 1632

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Swedish-French Phase

• France supplies troops for Protestants
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Part of war between France and Spain
• French/Swedish/Protestants win

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Treaty of Westphalia

• Individual states can determine religion
• 300 German states got independence from Holy
  Roman Empire

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Impact

• 1/3 of German population killed
• Causes economic depression
• Last major conflict between these religious blocs