Reconstruction

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Reconstruction
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Who said this?

• My paramount object in this struggle is to save
  the Union, and it is not either to save or to
  destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
  without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I
  could save it by freeing all the slaves I would
  do it and if I could save it by freeing some and
  leaving others alone I would also do that.

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Abraham Lincolns Plan

• Do you punish or reconcile?
• Lincoln wants moderate plan
• 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
• Oath of loyalty to union, accept end of slavery,
  10 of 1860 voters must accept for state to
  reinstated

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Radical Republicans

• Northern anti-slavery group
• Rep. Thaddeus Stevens (PA) Sen. Charles Sumner
  (MA)
• Goals 1- prevent Confederate Leaders from power,
  2- Republican Party to be strong in South 3-
  African-Americans right to vote
• Fear removal of 3/5th Compromise would endanger
  Republican control of Congress

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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Compromise plan between Moderate and Radical
  Republicans
• Majority of adult white males take an oath
• Then constitutional convention in state, must
  accept abolition of slavery, reject all debts as
  part of Confederacy, no former government
  official or military officers can hold office
• Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill

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What to do with the Freed Slaves?

• What are their options?
• Freedmens Bureau created to help the war
  refugees
• Helped slaves get jobs on plantations what
  problems may this cause?
• Some northerners wanted land confiscated 40
  acres and a mule
• Education was the most successful
• Buffalo Soldiers

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Andrew Johnson

• Lincolns V.P. Democrat from Tennessee
• Johnsons Plan similar to Lincolns plan except
  Confederate Officers and officials, however these
  groups could seek pardons
• Johnson began to pardon many angering
  Northerners, especially radical republicans
• Rise of Black Codes hurt his image as well, what
  where these?

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The 14th Amendment

• Civil Rights Act of 1866 equal rights to all
  persons born in the US except for Native
  Americans
• 14th Amendment created to protect Act no state
  could deprive a of life, liberty or property and
  equal protection under the law
• June 1866 passed by congress
• How does it effect you today?
• Johnson was against it, but continuing violence
  in the South led to a 3-1 congressional victory
  for Republicans

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Military Reconstruction

• Passed by congress in 1867
• Created five military districts
• States had to allow all males to vote
• States had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be a
  state
• By 1868 six states had joined the Union

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Impeachment

• Congress was relying on Secretary of War Edwin
  Stanton and Gen. Grant to carry out policies,
  Johnson did not like them
• Command of the Army Act, Tenure of Office Act
• Johnson fired Stanton Feb. 21, 1868
• The House of Representatives voted to impeach
  Johnson
• Senate voted 35-19 to convict in May

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Election of 1868, 15th Amendment

• Johnson did not run, Ulysses S. Grant became
  president, Republican
• 15th Amendment right to vote shall not be
  denied on the basis of race, color, or previous
  condition of servitude
• By the end of 1870 all former Republican States
  had re-joined the Union

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Republicans Down South

• Northerners came down to help
• These people were referred to as Carpetbaggers
• Southerners who helped reconstruction were called
  scalawags
• African-Americans began to experience success in
  government
• Hiram Revels elected to Senate 1870
• Joseph Rainey elected to House 1870
• Many reforms but had to raise taxes why is this
  a problem?
• Some were accused of Graft

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African American Community Life

• Why is a sense of community important?
• By 1876- 40 of African-American children
  attended school Freedmens Bureau
• Religion was a key part of community
  African-American churches often took roles of
  government
• As their community grows so does the threats
  against it

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KU KLUX KLAN

• Started in 1866 Pulaski, TN Nathaniel Bedford
  Forrest confederate veterans
• Began to intimidate the northerners and
  republicans down south
• Often killed African-Americans raided prisons,
  attacked small towns
• Enforcement Acts 1870,1871 Ku Klux Klan Act
  outlawed the activities of the Klan ineffective
• Is the the KKK legal today?

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What makes a good President?
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Ulysses S. Grants Presidency

• Philosophy carry out laws but leave policy to
  Congress
• Sin Taxes tax on tobacco and alcohol to pay for
  war
• Democrats/Liberal Republicans believed these hurt
  the poor
• Whiskey Ring Scandal Grants friend believed to
  among distillers filing false tax reports
• William Belknap Sec. of War took bribes from
  merchants working at army posts impeached
• Panic of 1873 major bank Jay Cooke and Company
  collapsed due to bad investments
• Stock market collapses unemployment rises
• Democrats gain power during midterm elections
  (1874)

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Reconstruction Ends

• Southern Democrats called on whites to redeem
  south, KKK, illegal means bring them back to
  power in 1870s
• Worked everywhere but FL, LA, S.C.
• Election of 1876 Rutherford Hayes vs. Samuel
  Tilden, Dem
• Tilden was one vote short 20 were in doubt
• Commission of 15 determined that Hayes won
• Congress agreed Compromise of 1877
• A few weeks after inauguration federal troops
  left the south

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The New South ?

• Goal move from old agriculture to industry
• Railroads were built, iron and steel
• Tobacco processing Carolinas
• African Americans went to plantations for work
• Tenant farmers pay rent to farm
• Sharecroppers pay with share of crops
• Furnishing merchants charged 40 credit
• Crop liens merchants could take crops to cover
  debt
• Debt peonage cant make enough money to pay
  debt cant declare bankruptcy
• Many were forced to work off debt or go to prison