Cultural Revolution

1
Cultural Revolution

• Chap 13

2
New Ideas

• Social unrest existed there was to much of a gap
  between the haves and the have nots
• European thinkers began rejecting the old
  mercantililism-with gov. controls, and started
  excepting a new policy laissez-faire- policy with
  no gov. controls it meant let them alone
• Adam smith believed in laissez-faire and he wrote
  a book explaining it called The Wealth of
  Nations he stated that an economy works best
  when the natural forces of supply and demand are
  left alone. He believed in business competition
• Other thinkers were Thomas Malthus and David
  Ricardo . Malthus believed poverty and misery
  were unavoidable because population was growing
  to fast. Ricardo believed that rapid pop. Growth
  led to fierce competition for jobs , lower wages
  and higher unemployment

3
Adam Smith
4
Better society religious awakenings

• Evangelicalism was born- its joined personal
  faith with social improvement. William
  Wilberforce- opposed slavery and passed a bill
  thru Parliament that ended slave trade 1807. Lord
  Shaftesbury- laws to limit working hours for
  women and children also est. 10 hour working
  daysin textile factories for under 18.
• Utilitarianism the idea that society should work
  for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham and John
  Stuart Mill. Bentham believed in judging laws for
  their usefulness if they advanced human
  happiness.
• Mills wanted the gov. to tax income, full
  democracy, equal rights for women

5
William Wilberforce
Jeremy Bentham
6
Socialism

• Socialism- the belief that means of production
  -capital, land raw materials, and factories
  should be owned by society or the the gov.
• Robert owen -he believed competition was societys
  problems
• Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx- they believed in
  revolution against the gov. to produce change,
  class society should be done away with, the
  people would own everything, government would
  vanish, and the last stage of government would be
  created communism- for each according to his
  ability , to each according to his need. No
  private property.

7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Sec 2. New Science

• Cell theory- all living things are made up of
  tiny units of matter called cells
• Charles Darwin- came up with the theory of
  Evolution that man and plants evolved over
  millions of years. H e wrote the Orgin of
  species.
• Gregor Mendel- he helped explain genetics the
  passing of traits from one generation to another.
  Tiny particles called genes were passed
• Edward Jenner- he came up with the small pox
  vaccination the first.
• Louis Pasteur- he discovered Germs or bacteria
  and proved they caused disease

10
New Science

• Surgery improved- ether was used to put patient a
  sleep, and also chloroform
• Atomic theory- the idea that all matter is made
  up of atoms
• John Dalton - discovered that elements are made
  up of atoms, and all atoms of an element are
  identical and unlike the atoms of other elements.
• Maria Curie Pierre Curie- discovered the highly
  radioactive element radium and proved it emits
  energy.
• Sociology- study of human behavior in groups.
• Psychology- study of human behavior of
  individuals
• Ivan Pavlov- studied animals and the result of
  outside stimuli on behavior.
• Sigmund Freud- a method of treatment to discover
  peoples motives

11
Sec 3. Popular Culture
12
Popular Culture Improved living conditions

• The 1800s to early 1900s many advancements in
  Culture- infant mortality dropped, life
  expectancy climbed, population grew, better food
• Bread ceased to be the main food due to new farm
  machinery- potaotes, methods of preserving food
  canning, refrigeration, (meat served on Sunday
  was served on Monday and Tuesdays. Foods was
  imported from Australia and New Zealand
• Railroads help transport people (Victoria
  Station)
• Steamboat transported people from one continent
  to another.
• Emigration-leaving ones country to settle
  elsewhere
• Immigration-entering a new country to settle
  permanently

13
Growth of cities

• Urbanization- spread of city life
• Cities reached the 100,000 people (Britain had 9
  cities). People married earlier, Children helped
  by getting jobs in factories.Horrible living
  conditions in the city-sewage problems, horrible
  working conditions.
• City sewage services used to be open waste
  ditches in the streets, people would throw waste
  out of windows onto the streets. Iron pipes were
  installed to transport sewage out of the city
• Cities were redesigned-New York City, Fredrick
  Olmstead designed it with a Central Park in 1858

14
New interest in Education

• Prussian Gov. created schools to train people in
  Citizenship and devotion to the Monarch
• United States- created schools to create unity
  after the revolutionary war.
• People became interested in giving their children
  a better chance at life with education. Employers
  needed people who could read and write, and
  scientific training was needed
• Educating women- some believed women should be
  housewives and homemakers ,did not need
  education. Others believed women should be given
  same opportunties. Many went to elementary school
  but not Secondary schools. Some schools were
  created just for Women (Tubman High School
  Augusta Georgia). Mary Lyon opened first college
  for Women. London School of medicine allowed
  women to attend and Parliament two years later
  allowed them to become registered doctors.

15
Sec. 4 Revolution in the Arts

• Romanticism- a movement in which artists would
  emphasize human emotion and imagination.
• Romantic music- were meant to stir the emotions.
  Ex. Ludwig Beethoven
• Romantic Literature- ex. Fredrick von Schiller
  wote stories about freedom fighters.
• Realism- painting that does not consist of
  anything but the presentation of real and
  concrete things. Ex Burial of Ornans by Gustave
  Courbet
• Symbolism- world of shadowy images evoked by
  symbols
• Impressionism- they painted subjects that
  captured the senses, and added light and painted
  different seasons.
• Post impressionism-experimented with color and
  form