French Revolution and Napoleon

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Chapter 23

• French Revolution and Napoleon

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Section 1Revolution threatens the French King
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Old Regime

• In the 1770s the system of feudalism left over
  from the Middle Ages was called the old regime.
• The people were still divided into 3 large social
  classes or estates.

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Privileged Estates

• The first 2 estates had privileges including
  access to high offices and exemptions from paying
  taxes.
• First estate was the clergy of the Catholic
  Church.
• Owned 10 of the land.

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2nd Estate

• The second estate was made up of rich nobles.
• Although just 2 of the population, they owned
  20 of the land and paid no taxes.

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Third Estate

• 98 of the population.
• 3 different groups
• First the Bourgeoisie or merchants or artisans.
• Wealthy, educated and believed in the
  enlightenment ideas

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Other third Estates

• The workers of Frances cities- cooks, servants,
  and others formed the second group of the third
  estate.
• The Peasants formed the largest group within the
  third estate. 80 of the population.
• Peasants paid half their income to dues to the
  nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the
  kings agents.

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The Force of Change

• Enlightenment Ideas had people question the ling
  standing notions about the structure of society
  and using words like equality, liberty and
  democracy.
• The success of the American Revolution inspired
  them and now openly discussed Voltaire and
  Rousseau.

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Economic Woes

• Frances economy was failing.
• Heavy burden of taxes made it impossible to
  conduct business in France.
• Crop failure doubled the price of bread

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Weak leader

• King Louis XVI spent extravagantly.
• He borrowed money to help the Americans during
  the revolution war.
• He spent little time to governing the country
  instead he preferred to hunt and tinker with
  locks.

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Marie Antoinette

• Louis XVIs wife.
• From the Austrian Royal family.
• Spent much money on gowns, jewels, and gifts she
  became known as Madame Deficit.

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Estates General

• In 1789 the 3rd estates delegates insisted that
  all three estates meet and each delegate have one
  vote. This would give the advantage to the 3rd
  estate. In the Estates General.
• The King sided with the nobles and order the
  estates general to follow the medieval rules.

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National Assembly

• The third estates then named themselves the
  National Assembly.
• They passed laws in the name of the French
  people.
• On June 17, 1789 they voted to end the absolute
  monarchy and begin a representative government.

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Tennis Court Oath

• Three days later the 3rd estate was locked out
  their meeting room.
• They broke down the door to an indoor tennis
  court and pledging to stay until they drawn up a
  new constitution.
• The pledge was called the Tennis court oath

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Storming the Bastille

• Louis tried to make peace by yielding to the
  demands of the third estate.
• Rumors abound that soldiers were coming to
  massacre the citizens.
• People stormed the Bastille to get weapons.
• Now National holiday Bastille day July 14th.

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Section 2

• Revolution brings Reform and terror

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Great Fear

• A wave of panic called the great fear rolled
  through France.
• Peasants broke into houses of nobles and tore up
  papers that bound them to pay feudal dues and
  even burned some of the houses.
• 6,000 women in Paris rioted over the price of
  bread and demanded that the king come to Paris.

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Declaration of the Rights of man

• In Aug 1789, The National Assembly adopted a
  statement of revolutionary ideals called The
  Declaration of the rights of man.
• This reflected ideas from enlightenment and
  Declaration of independence.
• The main points were that all men were born and
  remain free and equal, freedom of speech and
  freedom of religion

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Olympe de Gouges

• The declaration of the rights of man did not
  include women.
• Olympe de Gouges wrote a declaration of the
  rights of women.
• Not only were her ideas rejected but eventually
  she lost her head as an enemy of the revolution.

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Legislative Assembly

• In the fall of 1791, the assembly drew up a new
  constitution.
• It took away most of the kings power .
• The assembly then turned over its power to a new
  assembly, the Legislative Assembly.

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emigres

• The new assembly was divided into groups.
• One of the groups was the emigres.
• They were nobles and others who wanted to end the
  revolutionary changes. They eventually fled
  France during the uprisings.

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Sans-culottes

• Another group of the assembly members wanted even
  more radical changes.
• They were the sans-culotees.
• They were wage-earners and small shopkeepers
  wanting a greater voice in government.

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War with Austria

• French radicals hoped to spread their
  revolutionary ideas.
• When Prussia and Austria proposed that Louis XVI
  be put back on the throne, the Assembly declared
  war on them.
• The other nations hoped that they could defeat
  the radicals and return the absolute monarchy to
  France.
• As well as protecting their own monarchy's.
• Louis XVI was beheaded for treason.

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Jean Paul Marat

• One of the radical groups were the Jacobins.
• One of the leaders was Jean Paul Marat.
• He was an editor of a newspaper and called for
  500 to 600 heads cut off to rid France of
  enemies of the Revolution.

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guillotine

• A machine that was invented actually to further
  humane goals but it was used in contradiction of
  such goals. Thousands of people died by the
  guillotine during the French Revolution.

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Robespierre

• A power struggle started with Maximilien
  Robespierre eventually gained control.

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Committee on Public Safety

• This was an organization ruled by Robespierre
  that controlled France during the reign of terror.

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Reign of Terror

• During this time many of the enemies of the
  revolution were beheaded.
• Marie Antoinette was the most famous executed
  during this time and apologized for stepping on
  the executioners foot just second prior to her
  death.

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End of terror

• After one year of the reign of terror, the
  National committee knew that they were not safe
  from Robespierre.
• They then turned on him to save themselves.
• The reign of terror ended when Robespierre was
  beheaded.

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Chapter 23 Section 3

• Napoleon forges an Empire

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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born on Corsica joined the army at 16. Joined the
  army of the new government when the Revolution
  broke out.
• He rose quickly in the national government army.

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Coup detat

• In 1799, the unsettled French government had lost
  the peoples support. In a bold move, Napoleon
  used troops to seize control of the government.
  This was a coup detat, or sudden takeover of
  power.
• Napoleon then assumed dictatorial powers.

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plebiscite

• Napoleon pretended to be rightfully elected. In
  1800, plebiscite, or vote of the people, was held
  to approve the constitution.

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lycee

• New public school for ordinary citizens.
• Concordat was an agreement between the church and
  Napoleon.

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Napoleonic Code

• A set of laws that gave all the French citizens
  all the same rights. Some of the rights gained
  during the revolution were lost. Such as limited
  freedom of speech and slavery was restored
  slavery in the colonies.

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Battle of Trafalgar

• This was Napoleons only defeat in his early
  years.
• It was to the British Navy and this prevented him
  from conquering Britain.

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Chapter 23Section 4

• Napoleons Empire Collapses

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Blockade

• Napoleon ordered a blockade to stop Britain from
  trading with other European countries.
• Napoleon called this policy the Continental
  System. It was supposed to make continental
  Europe more self sufficient.

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Guerrillas

• Napoleon made his brother the king of Spain. The
  Spanish people were to still loyal to their own
  king. With the help of Britain, bands of
  peasants fighters called guerrillas fought
  Napoleon for five years.

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Peninsular War

• The name of the war fought in Spain and Portugal
  that caused Napoleon to lose 300,00 troops.

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Russia

• Napoleon entered Russia with 400,000 troops.
• As the Russians retreated they followed a
  scorched-earth policy. This meant that they burnt
  all their fields and livestock.
• They did this to deny the French troops food on
  their march.

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Russian Winter

• The French made it to Moscow but the winter
  coming forced the French to head back.
• On the way back cold, hunger, and Russian attacks
  killed thousands. On 10,000 troops left Russia
  alive.

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Waterloo

• Napoleon was then exiled to Elba.
• Within a year he escaped and raised an army.
• The rest of the European nations raised an army
  led by Duke of Wellington and defeated Napoleons
  army at Waterloo in Belgium.
• That was Napoleons last attempt at power.

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Congress of Vienna convenes

• Chapter 23.5

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Klemens von Metternich

• Congress of Vienna a series of peace plans for
  Europe.
• Austrian Foreign minister Klemens von Metternich
  was the most important person and helped shape
  the peace conditions that were finally accepted.

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Goals of Congress

• 1. France could not attack another country.
• 2. Balance of power in which no one nation was
  strong enough to threaten other nations.
• 3. Legitimacy This is restoring the kings to the
  thrones that ruled before Napoleons conquest.
• The leaders agreed to these ideas

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