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Theories of Social Development

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Title: Theories of Social Development


1
Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development
2
Stages of Psychosexual Development
  • Stage 1 Oral Stage
  • Birth1 year
  • Satisfaction through oral pleasure
  • Stage 2 Anal Stage
  • 13 years
  • Pleasure from defecation
  • Stage 3 Phallic Stage
  • 36 years
  • Sexual pleasure focuses on the genitalia
  • Stage 4 Latency Period
  • 612 years
  • Sexual energy is diverted to socially acceptable
    activities
  • Stage 5 Genital Stage
  • 12 years and beyond
  • Sexual maturity
  • Sexual intercourse is the goal

3
Stages of Psychosocial Development
  • Stage 1 Basic Trust vs Mistrust
  • First year
  • Crisis sense of trust
  • Stage 2 Autonomy vs Shame
  • and Doubt
  • 13 years
  • Crisis maintaining autonomy while facing
    increasing social demands
  • Stage 3 Initiative vs Guilt
  • 46 years
  • Goal setting
  • Crisis learning to balance between initiative
    and guilt
  • Stage 4 Industry vs Inferiority
  • 6puberty
  • Ego development
  • Crisis mastering skills to fit in with the
    culture
  • Stage 5 Identity vs Role Confusion
  • Adolescenceearly adulthood
  • Crisis sense of identity

4
Learning Theories
  • Behaviorism
  • John B. Watson (1878-1958)
  • Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928)
  • A childrearing manual promoting distance and
    objectivity while parenting
  • Little Albert
  • Operant Conditioning
  • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
  • Behavior modification

5
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Albert Bandura
  • Reciprocal Determinism
  • Child Environment

6
Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment
  • Vicarious Reinforcement
  • The average number of aggressive behaviors
    children imitated after seeing a model rewarded,
    punished, or receiving no consequences for her
    behavior. In the no-incentive test, the children
    were simply left alone in the room with the Bobo
    doll but were given no instructions. In the
    positive-incentive test, they were offered a
    reward to do what they had seen the model do. The
    results clearly show that the children had
    learned from what they observed and that they had
    learned more than they initially showed. (Adapted
    from Bandura, 1965)

7
  • Selmans Stage Theory of Role Taking
  • Before age 6
  • Children are virtually unaware of any perspective
    other than their own
  • Stage 1 Ages 68
  • The child realizes that another person may have a
    different perspective, but believes the
    difference is due to that person not having the
    same information that they have
  • Stage 2 Ages 810
  • The child realizes that another person may have a
    different perspective and is able to think about
    the other persons perspective
  • Stage 3 Ages 1012
  • The child systematically compares the perspective
    of self, other, and a 3rd party
  • Stage 4 Age 12 and older
  • The adolescent attempts to understand anothers
    perspective by comparing it to a generalized
    other or to their social group

8
Ecological Theories of Development
9
  • Ethological Model
  • Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)-Imprinting
  • Evolutionary
  • Parental investment theory
  • Play behavior

10
Gender and Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Freud
  • Boys Oedipus Complex
  • Girls Electra Complex

Gender and Social Learning Theories
  • gender-typed activities

Gender and Social Cognitive Theories
  • Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Gender Identity (30 months)
  • Gender Stability (34 years)
  • Gender Constancy (57 years)

11
Gender Schema Theory
  • gender schemas

Gender and Ecological Models
  • Bioecological Model
  • Evolutionary Psychology

12
Gender segregation in play
Percent of social playtime that preschool and
first-grade children spent with children of their
own or the other gender. (Adapted from Maccoby,
1998)
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