Reformation

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Reformation
A few dates Oct 31, 1517 Luther posts 95
theses May 1521 Luther tried before Diet of
Worms 1525 Peasant Revolt (Swabia) 1534 Establis
hment of Anglican church under Henry
VIII 1534 Final edition of Luther's translation
of the Bible 1536 John Calvin publishes
Institutes of Religion Sept 25 1555 Peace of
Augsburg Recognized Catholics and
Lutherans Area would adhere to religion of
ruling prince. 1545-1563 Council of
Trent Instrument of Catholic reform The
"counter-reformation"
Two Lutheran artists Lucas Cranach and Albrecht
Dürer
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Wittenberg as a depository of relics
In 1509 Catalogue, illustrated by Cranach 5,005
particles, with indulgences of 1,443 years By
1520 19,013 particles worth 1,902,202 years
Wittenberg Castle Church
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Luthers 95 Theses
Posted on eve of All Saints 1517 Would be seen
by large audience at relic showing Intended to
provoke debate within church Frederick the Wise
hesitantly protected Luther, insisted on fair
hearing. When violence broke out, Wittenberg was
the center
1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, in saying
"Repent ye, etc.," meant the whole life of the
faithful to be an act of repentance. 2. This
saying cannot be understood of the sacrament of
penance (i.e. of confession and absolution) which
is administered by the priesthood. Read more
Mosaic excerpt
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Close-up of the door of the Wittenberg Castle
church. Notice Luther at the foot of the cross
with the German New Testament and Melanchthon
with the Augsburg Confession!
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Broadsides
Johann Tetzel, riding a dog, selling
indulgences. Last line "as soon as the gold in
the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven
springs."
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Sale of Indulgences
Matthias Gerung 1546 Woodcut
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Portrait of Frederick the Wise
1524Engraving, 188 x 122 mmArt Institute,
Chicago Albrecht Dürer
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Author unknown Wahrhaftige Abcontrafactur und
Bildnis aller Grossherzogen von Sachsen
(Authentic Representations and Portraiture of All
the Grand Dukes of Saxony) Dresden, 1586, p.24a
Vellum (19)
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Lucas Cranach Martin Luther as a Monk 1520
Lucas Cranach Martin Luther as Junker Jorg 1522
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Philipp Melanchthon
1526Engraving, 174 x 127 mmMuseum of Fine Arts,
Boston Albrecht Dürer
Read more Concordia Universitys 500 Years of
Philip Melancthon
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Titlepage Martin Luther, Babylonian Captivity of
the Church(Von dem babylonischen Gefängnis der
Kirche) Wittenberg, 1520. Theological treatise
in which Luther reduces the number of sacraments
from seven to two (Baptism and Eucharist)
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Portraits of Martin Luther and Catherine
Bore 1529Oil on wood, 37 x 23 cm (each)
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
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Passional Christi und Antichristi
Christ chases moneylenders out of the temple
Pope writes indulgences
1521. Illustrations Lucas Cranach the Elder
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Passional Christi und Antichristi
Christ chases moneylenders out of the temple
Pope writes indulgences
1521. Illustrations Lucas Cranach the Elder
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Christ humbly washes the feet of the poor
Emperor forced to kiss the foot of the pope
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Twelve Articles
Twelve Articles, the peasant manifesto of demands
circulated in the revolt in Swabia.
Author unknown Handlung, Artikel und Instruction
von allen Rotten und Haufen der Bauern (Act,
Articles and Instruction Concerning all Gangs and
Mobs of Farmers) 1525, title page
Read more original text
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1525 Peasant Revolt
Bundschuh (or boot) organization of the peasants.
Issue eventually resolved with the Peace of
Augsburg 1555
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The "King James" BibleLondon, 1611.
Protestant desire to read the Bible in vernacular
languages
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Lutherbible
First translated the N.T. 1522 Old Testament
1534 Revised 1534 with assistance of the
Wittenberg scholars Philipp Melanchthon, Justus
Jonas, and Caspar Cruciger. Sold at the Leipzig
Fair for two guilders, eight groschen for an
unbound copy -- comparable to half the salary of
a schoolmaster. Lucas Cranach workshop initials
and 117 woodcuts from the workshop of Lucas
Cranach.
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Dürers commitment to Luther
On Friday 17 May) before Whitsunday in the year
1521, came tidings to me at Antwerp, that Martin
Luther had been so treacherously taken prisoner.
And whether he yet lives I know not, or whether
they have put him to death if so, he has
suffered for the truth of Christ and because he
rebuked the unchristian Papacy, which strives
with its heavy load of human laws against the
redemption of Christ.
And if we have lost this man, who has written
more clearly than any that has lived for 140
years, and to whom Thou hast given such a spirit
of the Gospel, we pray Thee, oh heavenly Father,
that Thou wouldst again give Thy Holy Spirit to
one
Every man who reads Martin Luthers books may see
how clear and transparent is his doctrine,
because he sets for the the holy Gospel.
Wherefore his books are to be held in great honor
and not to be burnt unless indeed his
adversaries, who ever strive against the truth
and would make gods out of men, were also cast
into the fire, they and all their opinions with
them, and afterwards a new edition of Luthers
works were prepared. Oh God, if Luther be dead,
who will henceforth expound to us the holy Gospel
with such clearness? What, oh God, might he not
still have written for us in ten or twenty years?
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Antwerp Harbour 1520Pen drawing, 213 x 283
mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna
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Selfportrait as Man of Sorrows
1522Drawing with lead pencil on blue-green
primed paper, 408 x 290 mmKunsthalle, Bremen
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Dream Vision 1525Watercolour on paper, 30
x 43 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
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In the night between Wednesday after Whitsunday
(30, 31 May, 1525) I saw this apperance in my
sleep-- How many great waters fell from heaven.
The first struck the earth about 4 miles away
from me with terrific force and tremendous noise,
and it broke up and drowned the whole land. I
was so sore afraid that I awoke from it. Then
the other waters fell and as they fell they were
very powerful and there were many of them, some
further away, some nearer. And they came down
from so great a height that they all seemed to
fall with an equal slowness. But when the first
water that touched the earth had very nearly
reached it, it fell with such swiftness, with
wind and roaring, and I was so sore afraid that
when I awoke my whole body trembled and for a
long while I could not recover myself. So when I
arose in the morning I painted it above here as I
saw it. God turn all things to the best.
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Last Supper
Woodcut 1523 In the chalice controversy,
favors giving the cup to laity Luther Mass is
not a sacrifice but a testament and sacrament,
wherein, under the seal of a symbol, a promise is
made of the redemption of sin Note empty
charger (the Lamb is not shown) Judas has exited
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Crucifixion with Converted Centurion
Lucas Cranach 1536WoodNational Gallery of Art,
Washington Read more
VATER IN DEIN HET BEFIL ICH MEIN GAIST (Father,
into thy hand I commend my spirit Luke 2346).
WARLICH DISER MENSCH IST GOTES SVN GEWEST
(Truly, this man was the Son of God Mark
1539). Salvation by faith alone
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Four Preachers
1526 Oil on lindenwood, 215 x 76 cm (each
panel) Alte Pinakothek, Munich Dürer donated to
Council of City of Nuremberg on 6 Oct 1526. Was
recompensed (100 florins, plus gifts)
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Inscriptions
All worldly rulers in these dangerous times
should give good heed that they receive not human
misguidance for the Word of God, for God will
have nothing added to His Word nor taken away
from it. Hear therefore these four excellent
men, Peter, John, Paul, and Mark, their warning.
Peter says There were false prophets also among
the people, even as there shall be false teachers
among you, who privily shall bring in damnable
heresies even denying the Lord that bought them,
and bring upon themselves swift destruction.
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John sanguine ruddy Youngest Mark
choleric Lion, green (gall-colored) Paul
melancholic 50-60 years Peter
phlegmatic Oldest
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A Reformation Style?
For some, second commandment encouraged
iconoclasm. (Position depended on individual
city councils) However, for Dürer and Luther, a
reformed art could instruct the faithful.
Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Professor of
Theology at WittenbergOn the abolishing of the
images, and that there should be no beggars among
Christians (January 27, 1522). He criticized
externalizations of piety, and believed that
images lead one no further than the flesh.
"For example, from the image of the crucified
Christ you learn nothing except the physical
suffering of Christ, how He drooped His head, and
the like. But Christ said that His own flesh is
of no avail, rather that it is the spirit which
is profitable and makes alive."
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Karlstadt "We should take such horrible things
from the weak, and snatch them from their hands,
and not consider whether they cry, call out or
curse because of it. The time will come when
they who now curse and damn us will thank us....
Therefore I ask whether, if i should see that a
little innocent child holds a sharp pointed knife
in his hand and wants to keep it, I would show
him brotherly love if I would allow him to keep
the dreadful knife as he desires with the result
that he would wound or kill himself, or when I
would break his will and take the knife?"
Karlstadt felt "that carved and painted idols
standing on the altars is even more pernicious
and devilish. Therefore, it is good, necessary,
praiseworthy and godly that we abolish them, and
give to the Scripture its proper right and
judgment."
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Dürers late art
Sober and restrained in style Many portraits
(especially of elders, male authorities) Intelle
ctual issues (theory)
Madonna with the Swaddled Infant1520Engraving,
144 x 97 mmMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York