History 325 The Reformation

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History 325The Reformation

• Political and Military Conflict during the Late
  Reformation

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Key Terms

• Augsburg Confession (1530)
• Schmalkald League (Protestant military alliance)
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Huguenots
• Edict of Nantes (France, 1598)
• Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Peace of Westphalia

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Diet of Speyer (1529)

• In 1529, 6 evangelical princes and 14 imperial
  cities in Germany protested against the
  Catholic majority at the Diet of Speyer
• This is when the term Protestant was born
• Charles V forced to live with the Protestants in
  Europe the rebellion grows

Speyer Cathedral today
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Augsburg Confession (1530)

• In 1530, another Diet was held in Augsburg, and a
  larger group of cities and territories announced
  they were going to follow Luther
• Melanchthon produced a doctrinal statement known
  as the Augsburg Confession, which outlined the
  basic principals of the Lutheran faith

Presentation of the Augsburg Confession to
Emperor Charles V
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Schmalkald League

• The Augsburg Confession led to the formation of
  the Schmalkald League, a Protestant military
  alliance (defensive)
• League included Hess, Saxony, northern German
  cities, and some Zwinglian cantons in Switzerland
• In 1541, the Regensburg Colloquy fails
• In 1547, the Schmalkald Wars begin

HRE Charles V at the Battle of Muhlberg, 1547
(Catholic League wins this round)
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French Wars of Religion

• In 1555, the French Calvinist church was secretly
  established in Paris (Huguenots)
• Wars of Religion in France begin soon after and
  were hottest from 1562 to 1598
• St. Bartholomews Day massacre in 1572 kills
  3,000 Huguenots in Paris
• 1598 Edict of Nantes gives Huguenots limited
  freedoms afterwards France is 80 Catholic and
  20 Huguenot

Surprise attack kills Huguenots gathered for a
wedding in Paris, 1572
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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Calvinism grows in popularity in Germany after
  1560 Lutherans and Calvinists join forces
  militarily against Catholics
• Council of Trent and Jesuit missions increases
  tensions after 1570
• In 1609, Protestant Union and Catholic League form

Spanish troops prepare to attack a fortified city
during the Thirty Years War
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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• When the Catholics put a large military force in
  the field under the command of Count Johann von
  Tilly, the stage was set for the worst of the
  religious wars
• In a combination of alliances that looks eerily
  like World War I, much of the rest of Europe took
  up sides in the conflict
• England, The Netherlands, Denmark, France, and
  Sweden pledged support for the Protestant side
• Spain, The Spanish Netherlands, Austria, and
  several of the Italian city-states pledged
  support for the Catholic side
• France chose the Protestant side, though they
  were mostly Catholic, because of their historic
  differences with Spain

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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Open warfare broke out in 1618 and continued on
  and off until 1648 (thirty years)
• There were basically four periods of the war
• Bohemian period (1618-1625)
• Danish period (1625-1629)
• Swedish period (1630-1635)
• Swedish-French period (1635-1648)
• Most of the war took place in the German lands,
  and 1/3 of all Germans died

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The Peace of Westphalia

• The Peace of Westphalia reasserted the major
  features of the Peace of Augsburgeach ruler
  determines the religion in his or her land
• However, Calvinists were given their long-sought
  recognition in the Empire
• Legacy I Perpetuates the division of Germany
  into the modern period. Germany remains weak and
  divided. Only Prussia and Austria become more
  significant powers
• Legacy II France edges Spain at this time as
  Europes preeminent powerthough Spain had the
  New World, it had been fighting continuously for
  over 100 years (since the time of Charles V) and
  that had drained its treasury
• Legacy III Europe remains divided religiously