Title: Forest Disease Management
1Forest Disease Management
2Forest Disease Management
Disease Evaluation
- Detection
- Recognition
- Appraisal
- What type of management is appropriate?
3Disease Management Strategies
Disease Management Strategies
- Cultural
- Chemical
- Biological
- Genetics
- Quarantine and inspection
- Passive
- Increasing pathogens
4Cultural
Cultural Techniques
- Clearcutting
- Pruning
- Thinning
- Sanitation inoculum removal
- Species selection
- Fertilization
- Prescribed fire
- Avoidance
5Clearcutting
- For dwarf mistletoe, cankers, decay
- Not effective on root rots and rusts
6Thinning
Thinning
- Increase stand health by reducing crowding
- Remove mistletoe-infected trees
- Reduce humidity and foliage diseases
- Root diseases may increase in fresh stumps
18 year old Southern pine stand was thinned at
age 15
7Pruning
Pruning
- Reduces mistletoe, canker, rust, and wilt
diseases - Improper pruning can increase some cankers and
wood decay
8Sanitation
Sanitation
- Removal of inoculum prevents further infection
- Root rots stump removal
- Mistletoe repeated thinning
- Dutch elm disease burning of brood material
- Phytophthora - washing
Push over logging with an excavator (with claw)
to remove infected stumps
9Species selection
Species Selection
- Non-host species in high disease areas
- Red alder instead of Douglas-fir for laminated
root rot - Western red cedar instead of Port Orford cedar
for Phytophthora - Mixed species stands
10Prescribed fire
- Useful in controlling mistletoe, foliage
diseases, cankers - Not effective on root rots
11Fertilizing
Fertilizing
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Trace elements (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, B)
- Generally improves tree health
- May make some diseases worse
Helicopter applying fertilizer in Blue Mountains
Wallowa-Whitman National Forest
12Avoidance
Avoidance
- Thinning and pruning when spores are not present
- Site selection soil, drainage, climate,
identify high hazard sites (white pine blister
rust, Annosus - Root Disease)
Stand infested with white pine blister rust
13Other strategies- Chemical Control
Chemical Control
- Soil fumigation in nurseries
- Borax stump treatment for annosum root rot
- Herbicide or growth regulator mistletoe
- Injections vascular wilts
- Foliar spraying Xmas trees
14Biological control
Biological Control
- Competition
- Decay fungi in stumps
- Trichoderma
- Phlebiopsis gigantea
- for H. annosum (Rotstop)
- Protection - mycorrhizae
Mycorrhiza at base of seedling from nursery
15Genetics
Genetics Breeding for resistance
- Breeding for resistance
- Better for introduced pathogens than for native
ones - Works well for rusts
- Not as effective for root diseases
16 Quarantine and Inspection
- To prevent new pathogens and pests from being
introduced - White pine blister rust, Port Orford cedar root
disease, Dutch elm disease, Sudden oak death - Many pathogens come in on infected soil or plant
material (APHIS Animal Plant Health Inspection - Service of USDA)
- Transporting fumigated seeds is best
- www.exoticforestpests.or
g
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18APHIS has importation requirements for
logs, lumber, wood chips/bark chips, mulch,
humus, compost,litter, Cork bark. See Text Table
25.2.
Pest introductions are continuing to increase
19Passive management
Passive Management
- doing nothing
- When managing for wildlife habitat
- When not much damage is expected
20Increasing decay
Increasing Decay
21Integration of disease. insect and fire
management
- Forests are now being managed as ecosystems
rather than as croplands - USDA Forest Service guidelines for east and west
of the Cascades
22East Cascades
- Thinning to reduce stress
- Harvest to create uneven aged stands to prevent
bark beetle outbreaks in lodgepole pine stands - Reduce fuel on forest floor with prescribed fire
and removal of true firs
23West Cascades
- Multiple species stands to reduce impacts of
insects and diseases - Use natural regeneration or seed from local
sources to prevent needle-cast due to off-site
planting - Uniform stands are more susceptible than mixed
age and species
24Modeling Forest Diseases
Modeling Forest Diseases
- Differential equations
- Regression equations
- Simulation models
- Economic spread sheet
- models
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26Regression models
Regression models
- Prediction
- Several variables
- Apply only to area where data was collected
27Simulation models
Simulation Models
- Can include many variables
- Apply to more situations
- Validate model with actual data
- Western Root Disease model
LMS Landscape Management System
28Root disease model can be interfaced with LMS
29Economic Models Cost of Laminated Root Disease