Plant Science Agriscience Applications

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Plant ScienceAgriscience Applications

• By Johnny M. Jessup,
• FFA Advisor/Agriculture teacher

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Parts of a Plant
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The Four Basic Parts of Plants

• Leaves
• Stems
• Roots
• Flowers

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Leaves

• Function
• Manufactures food for the plant by
  using light energy.
• Useful for identification of the plant
• Margin (leaf edge)
• Shape
• Arrangement

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Stems

• Function
• Supports other plant parts such as.
• Leaves
• Flowers
• Fruit
• Two types of above ground stems
• Woody
• Herbaceous

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Root Systems

• Function
• Anchor the plant
• Take in water nutrients
• Two types of root systems
• Fibrous
• Tap Root

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Flowers

• Function
• Contain the sexual organs for the plant.
• Produce seeds fruit.

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Parts of the Flower

• Sepals
• Outer covering of the flower bud.
• Protects the stamens and pistils when flower is
  in bud stage.
• Collectively known as the calyx.

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Parts of the Flower

• Petals
• Brightly colored
• Protects stamen pistils.
• Attracts pollinating insects.
• Collectively called the corolla.

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Parts of the Flower (Stamen)

• Male reproductive part
• Anther
• Manufactures pollen.
• Filament
• Supports the anther.
• Pollen
• Male sexual reproductive cell.

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Parts of the Flower (Pistil)

• Female reproductive part
• Ovary
• Enlarged portion at base of pistil.
• Produces ovules which develop into seeds.
• Stigma
• Receives the pollen.

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Parts of the Flower (Pistil)

• Style
• Connects the stigma with the ovary.
• Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated.

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Parts of the Flower
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Imperfect Flower

• Male or female reproductive organs not, but not
  both.
• Example
• A male flower has sepals, petals, and stamen, but
  no pistils.
• A female flower has sepals, petals, and pistils,
  but no stamen.

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Perfect Flowers

• Contains both male and female reproductive
  structures.

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Incomplete Flowers

• Missing one of the four major parts of the
  flower.
• Stamen
• Pistil
• Sepal
• Petal

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Complete Flowers

• Contains male and female reproductive organs
  along with petals and sepals.

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Flowers

• Imperfect flowers are always incomplete but..
• Perfect flowers are not always complete and..
• Complete flowers are always perfect.

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Parts of a Seed

• Seed Coat
• Protects the seed.
• Sometimes very hard difficult to germinate.
• Horticulturists assist germination by scarifying
  the seed coat or damaging the seed coat to
  promote germination.

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Parts of a Seed

• Endosperm
• Supplies food for the germinating seed.
• Embryo
• The young plant.

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Propagation
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Propagation

• What is Propagation?
• Increasing the number of a plant species or
  reproduction of a species.
• Two Types of Propagation
• Sexual
• Asexual

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Sexual Propagation

• The use of seed for reproducing plants.
• Allows the most variation of any propagation
  method.
• Only way to obtain new varieties and increase
  hybrid vigor of the plants.
• Less expensive quicker than other methods.
• Occurs through pollination.

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Asexual Propagation

• Use of a part of a plant for reproducing plants.
• Also called vegetative propagation.
• The new plant is an exact duplication of the
  parent plant.

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Methods of Asexual Propagation

• Cuttings
• Vegetative parts that the parent uses to
  regenerate itself.
• Examples
• Leaf cuttings.
• Root cuttings.
• Stem cuttings.
• Root hormones are applied to speed up root
  development.

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Methods of Asexual Propagation

• Layering
• The stem is encouraged to root while still
  attached to the parent plant.
• Examples
• Simple layering.
• Tip layering.
• Air layering.

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Methods of Asexual Propagation

• Division
• Dividing or separating the main part of the plant
  into smaller parts.
• Grafting
• Joining two plants together as they grow as one.
• T-Budding is the most common method.

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Methods of Asexual Propagation

• Tissue Culture
• Also called micropropagation.
• The use of a very small and actively growing part
  of the plant to produce a high number of new
  plants.
• Cloning achieved by tissue culture.

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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis

• Series of processes in which light energy is
  connected to chemical energy in the form of a
  simple sugar.
• Chlorophyll chloroplast are essential.
• Carbon dioxide is used to manufacture food for
  plant and releases oxygen necessary for animal
  life at the same time.

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Photosynthesis

• Rate of photosynthesis (food making) process
  occurs depends on varies with the.
• Light intensity
• Temperature
• Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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Carbon Dioxide

• Shortage of carbon dioxide causes a low rate of
  photosynthesis.
• Enclosed greenhouses can have a shortage of
  carbon dioxide.
• A CO2 generator might be used to correct a
  shortage of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse.

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Light

• Low light hinders plant growth.
• A dark room reduces the photosynthetic rate and
  plants will have stunted growth and yellow
  leaves.
• All plants have a preferred range, but they can
  adapt to various levels of light brightness
  (intensity).

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Temperature

• Affects the process of photosynthesis.
• Best rate of photosynthesis occurs between 65-85
  degrees Fahrenheit.
• Extremes of temperature of temperature can
  completely stop the
  process.

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Growing Media
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Types of Growing Media

• Soil
• Top layer of the Earths surface.
• Primary medium for cultivated plants.

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Types of Growing Media

• Sphagnum Moss
• Used for encouraging root growth under
  certain conditions.

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Types of Growing Media

• Perlite
• Volcanic glass material used for starting new
  plants and in media mixes.

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Types of Growing Media

• Vermiculite
• A mineral mica-type material used for starting
  plant seeds and cuttings and in media mixes.

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Types of Growing Media

• Peat Moss
• Used in media mixes of various types.

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pH of Growing Media

• pH has the most impact on the availability of
  nutrients in the soil/media.
• pH Scale
• Ranges from 0 to 15.
• Indicates the level of acidity or alkalinity.
• 7 is considered neutral.
• Everything greater than 7 is considered alkaline
  (basic).
• Everything less than 7 is considered acidic.

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pH Scale
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Amending the pH

• Alkaline soils can be made more acidic by
  lowering the pH value with sulfur or aluminum
  sulfate.
• Acidic soils can be made more alkaline by raising
  the value with lime.
• Lime usually applied as finely ground dolomitic
  limestone that supplies both calcium and
  magnesium.

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Fertilizers
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Fertilizers

• Complete fertilizer must contain the three
  nutrients.
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Potassium

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Fertilizers

• Come in various forms.
• But most nutrients within a fertilizer must
  become in liquid form (soluble) to be used by
  plants.

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Organic Fertilizers

• Include animal manures compost made with plant
  or animal products.
• Examples
• Dried pulverized manures.
• Bone Meal
• Phosphorus is the primary element
• Soybean Meal

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Fertilizers

• Organic Fertilizers
• Usually slow acting and long lasting forms of
  nitrogen but lacking in the other primary
  nutrients.
• Except bone meal.
• Inorganic Fertilizers
• Have a higher analysis of soluble nutrients that
  have been blended together for a specific purpose.

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Fertilizer Application

• Broadcasting or spreading evenly over the entire
  surface is used on turf and home lawns.
• Side-dressing is done by placing fertilizer in
  bands about 8 inches from the row of growing
  plants.
• Foliar application is the spraying of fertilizer
  onto the leaves of plants.

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Careers
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Floriculture Careers

• Related to flower production and use.

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Floriculture Careers

• Floral designer
• Designs flowers for a florist or business.
• Flower grower
• Produces flowers used in floral design.
• Greenhouse manager
• Manages the production process for a flower
  grower.

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Floriculture Careers

• Retail florist
• Floral business that furnishes flowers to the
  general public.
• Wholesale florist
• Floral business that furnishes flowers and
  supplies to a retail florist.

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Nursery/Landscape Careers

• Related to the use production of plants for
  aesthetic purposes.
• Plants may be used around homes, businesses,
  parks, etc.

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Nursery/Landscape Careers

• Greenskeeper
• Takes care of golf course turf.
• Landscaper
• Installs plants in various locations.
• Landscape architect
• Design plans for plant installation.

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Nursery/Landscape Careers

• Nursery operator
• Grows trees and shrubs needed for landscaping.
• Turf farmer
• Grows turfgrass for sale.

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Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School