APA Style for Manuscripts: Format, Citations, and References

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APA Style for ManuscriptsFormat, Citations, and
References

• Michael D. Martin
• St. Louis Community College
• at Florissant Valley

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Foreword

• Although you will not submit a research essay,
  term paper, or lab report for publication, your
  psychology or other social science instructor may
  want you to format your paper, citations, and
  references according to the manuscript guidelines
  developed by the American Psychological
  Association, or APA style.
• Note, too, that your instructor may have other
  specific guidelines.

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Contents

• Format of an APA Manuscript
• Relationship of Citations Within the Text and the
  List of References
• General Guidelines for Citations
• General Guidelines for References
• Examples of Citations and References

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Format of an APA ManuscriptGeneral Instructions
for All Pages

• Paper 8½ X 11 in. heavy white bond
• Font 12-point serif font, such as Times New
  Roman or Courier (8- to 14-point sans serif font,
  such as Helvetica, for figures)
• Line spacing double-space (no extra spacing)
• Margins at least 1 inch top, bottom, left, and
  right (1 inch recommended)
• Note Capitalize means use uppercase for first
  letter of word only.

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Format of an APA ManuscriptThe Title Page

• Page header first 2 or 3 words of title, 5
  spaces, page number (in header, upper right
  corner)
• Running head TITLE or CONDENSED TITLE (flush
  left at top, all letters capitalized, 50
  characters max. counting spaces and punctuation)
• Title, byline with middle initial, and
  affiliation (centered, double-spaced, just above
  center of page)
• Note Instead of your affiliation, your
  instructor will probably want other information,
  such as his/her name, course-section, and date.

• APA Style 1
• Running head APA STYLE FORMAT AND DOCUMENTATION
• APA Style for Manuscripts
• Format, Citations, and References
• Michael D. Martin
• St. Louis Community College

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Format of an APA ManuscriptThe Abstract Page

• Notice Instructors usually do not want an
  abstract. If yours does,
• Start a new page (header with page number
  continues)
• Abstract (centered at top)
• Type abstract as a full block (no indent)
• 120 words maximum

• APA Style 2
• Abstract
• Your abstract summarizes the contents of your
  research. Researchers can quickly decide if your
  article is relevant. Databases use it to help
  researchers retrieve relevant articles.

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Format of an APA ManuscriptThe Text Pages

• Start a new page (header with page number
  continues)
• First page Title (centered at top, normal, major
  words capitalized)
• Major headings (centered, normal, major words
  capitalized)
• Subheading (flush left, italicized, major words
  capitalized)
• Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces or ½ inch (be
  consistent)
• Long quotations (40 words) indent whole
  quotation do not enclose in quotation marks.

• APA Style 3
• APA Style for Manuscripts
• Format, Citations, and References
• The style of documentation developed by the
  American Psychological Association (APA) is
  widely used in the social sciences. Variations of
  its style of parenthetical author-date citation,
  moreover, are used by many other disciplines,
  such as the physical sciences.
• Method
• Use in-text citation to indicate that you used
  material from another source. The in-text
  citation, usually an authors last name and date,
  refers to a list of references at the end of the
  text.
• In-Text Citations
• When you use another source in your text, either
  you can use a signal phrase with the authors
  name, followed by the year of publication in
  parentheses, to introduce the source material, or
  you can list the author and year in parentheses
  after the source material. If the source material
  is a direct quotation, include the page number in
  the parenthetical reference. Internet

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Format of an APA ManuscriptThe List of
References

• Start a new page (header with page number
  continues)
• References (centered at top)
• List sources alphabetically
• Use hanging paragraphs (1st line flush left
  indent subsequent lines)

• APA Style 12
• References
• American Psychological Association. (2001).
  Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC Author.
• Bryson, B. (1990). The mother tongue English and
  how it got that way. New York Morrow.
• Strunk, W., Jr., White, E. B. (1979). The
  elements of style (3rd ed.). New York Macmillan.

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Format of an APA ManuscriptMiscellaneous Pages

• Consult the Publication Manual if you need to
  include any of the following pages
• Appendixes
• Author Note
• Footnotes
• Tables
• Figures

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The Relationship of Citations Within the Text to
the List of References

• APA style uses an author-year system to cite
  sources within the text in 2 ways
• 1. Authors last name (year in parentheses) in a
  signal phrase before the source material.
• Loftus (2004) stated that a breach of fiscal
  trust is more destabilizing to marriage than a
  sexual affair (p. 44).
• 2. Authors last name and year in parentheses
  after the source material.
• A breach of fiscal trust is more destabilizing
  to marriage than a sexual affair (Loftus, 2004,
  p. 44).

• The citation within the text, in turn, refers to
  a list of references with the sources complete
  publication information.
• References
• Loftus, M. (2004, November/December). Till debt
  do us part. Psychology Today, 37, 42-52.

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General Guidelines for Citations Authors Within
Text

• The form of the citation within the text depends
  on the number of authors
• One author Cite the surname of the author.
• Two authors Cite the surnames of both authors.
• Three to five authors Cite surnames of all
  authors in first citation cite surname of 1st
  author with et al. for subsequent citations.
• Six or more authors Cite only the surname of 1st
  author with et al.
• Group author Use the name of the agency,
  association, institution, or corporation.
• Title Use a shortened title for a source without
  an author or group author. Quote articles
  italicize books.

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General Guidelines for Citations Publication
Date, Etc.

• Cite only the year of publication in parentheses,
  even for sources with seasons, months, and days
  in the list of references. Use (n.d.) for no
  date.
• Do not repeat the year for a subsequent citation
  within the same paragraph.
• Use and with multiple authors in a signal
  phrase use with multiple authors in a
  parenthetical citation.
• Use past tense in a signal phrase.
• Cite page number only for direct quotations in
  parentheses after the source material.

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General Guidelines for Citations Capitalization
of Titles Within the Text

• Capitalize the first letter of all major words
• Capitalize the first and last word of a title and
  subtitle.
• Capitalize all words in between except the
  following
• articles (a, an, the)
• coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor,
  or, so, yet)
• 2- 3-letter subordinating conjunctions (as, if
  . . .)
• 2- 3-letter prepositions (for, in, of . . .)
• infinitive verb particle to (to Do, to Be . . .)
• Use a colon before a subtitle.
• Within Text Only Enclose title of an article in
  quotations. Italicize the title of a journal or
  book.

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General Guidelines for References General Forms

• The form of a reference depends on the source
• Periodical a journal
• Author. (year). Title of article. Title of
  Journal, , pages.
• Nonperiodical a book
• Author. (year). Title of book. Location
  Publisher.
• Electronic source a journal is a database
• Author. (year). Title of article. Title of
  Journal, , pages. Retrieval information

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General Guidelines for References Authors and
Publication Date

• Author Invert all authors give surnames and
  initials (e.g., Smith, A. B.) use with
  multiple authors (e.g., Smith, A. B., Jones, C.
  D.). For six or more authors, list the first six
  with et al.
• Publication date in parentheses Give year only
  for book or journal (2005) give full publication
  date for magazines, newsletters, and newspapers
  (2005, November 15).

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General Guidelines for References Titles in the
List of References

• Title of article or part of work Capitalize only
  the first word and proper nouns and adjectives of
  a title or subtitle. (Do not enclose title in
  quotation marks do not italicize title.)
• Title of Periodicals Capitalize all major words
  italicize title.
• Journal (include volume number include issue
  number if each issue starts with page 1)
• Magazine (include volume number omit issue
  number)
• Newsletter (include volume number omit issue
  number)
• Newspaper (omit volume and issue number)
• Title of nonperiodicals Capitalize only the
  first word and proper nouns and adjectives of a
  title or subtitle italicize title.
• Book
• Reports
• Brochures
• Manuals
• Audiovisual media

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General Guidelines for References Other Info. in
the List of References

• Periodicals
• Page numbers (Use p. or pp. before page numbers
  for a newspaper.)
• Nonperiodicals
• Nonprint Notation describing source in brackets
• Editor
• Number of volumes, edition, and pages (in
  parentheses)
• Location city and state
• Publisher (Omit terms like Co., Inc.,
  Publishers)
• Retrieval information for electronic sources
• Date
• URL
• Retrieved November 17, 2005, from
  http//www.apa.org

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Examples One Author of a Book

• One may conclude that we are moving from an
  economy and a society built on the logical,
  linear, computerlike capabilities of the
  Information Age to . . . those of the
  inventive, emphatic, big-picture capabilities of
  . . . the Conceptual Age (Pink, 2005, pp. 2-3).

• References
• Pink, D. H. (2005). A whole new mind Moving from
  the Information Age to the Conceptual Age. New
  York Riverhead Books.

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Examples One Author of an Article in an Edited
Book

• People are not mere animals. The species is
  capable of rising above its baser instinct,
  survival of the fittest. There is a general
  perception of nature as a place of competition. .
  . . We are beginning to see the work of people
  who believe . . . there is a lot of cooperation,
  with room for reconciliation, even morality (De
  Waal, 2005, pp. 121-122).

• References
• de Waal, F. B. M. (2005). The law of the jungle
  Conflict resolution in primates. In A. B. Brown
  K. M. Poremski (Eds.), Roads to reconciliation
  Conflict and dialogue in the twenty-first century
  (pp. 121-134). Armonk, NY M. C. Sharpe.

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Examples Multiple Authors of an Article in a
Journal

• Because of twins special relationship, the grief
  one twin experiences at the death of the other
  complicates the grief process, so counselors
  working with bereft twins must be aware of these
  complications (Withrow Schwiebert, 2005).

• References
• Withrow, R, Schwiebert, V. L. (2005). Twin
  loss Implications for counselors working with
  surviving twins. Journal of Counseling
  Development, 83, 21-28.

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Examples One Author of an Article in an Internet
Journal

• Research by Robert Siegler demonstrated that
  second-grade children who correctly place a
  number on a linear scale 1-100 achieve higher on
  math-skills tests than children who cannot (as
  cited in Dingfelder, 2005).

• References
• Dingfelder, S. F. (2005, November 10). Linear or
  logarithmic? Inaccurate mental number-line
  representations may hinder math-skills
  development. Monitor on Psychology, 10, 30.
  Retrieved November 18, 2005, from
  http//www.apa.org/monitor/nov05/linear.html

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Questions?

• References
• American Psychological Association. (2001).
  Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC Author.