Thermo Dynamics part 2

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THERMODYNAMICS PART 2
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Expansion of gases Gases are the most active
substances which take part in thermal
expansion Boyles law
PV constant (at constant temperature) Charles
law V/T constant (at
constant pressure) Combined law
PV/T constant
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Calorimetry The branch of thermal physics in
which heat is measured by the principle of heat
lost and heat gained is called calorimetry The
heat lost or gained by a body depends on the mass
of the body and on the rise or fall in its
temperature H mst s specific
heat capacity of the body
m mass t change in
temperature Unit of s J Kg-1 K-1 (in SI)
cal gm-1 C-1
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Specific heat capacities- At constant
pressure(cp) The amount of heat required to
raise the temp of 1kg mass of a gas through 1K at
constant pressure is called specific heat
capacity of gas at constant pressure(cp) At
constant volume(cv) The amount of heat
required to raise the temp of 1kg mass of a gas
through 1K at constant volume is called specific
heat capacity of gas at constant
pressure(cv) Relation between them
cp cv R cp /
cv ?
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Water equivalent This is the quantity of water
in kg which will require the same amount of heat
to raise its temp through 1K as it required by
the body when heated through the same
temperature Unit Kg or gm If m be the mass
of a body in Kg and s be the specific heat in SI
unit, then water equivalent of the body W
ms/4200 Latent heat of fusionThe latent heat of
fusion of a substance is defined as the quantity
of heat required to convert 1Kg of the substance
from solid to liquid without change of temp at
its melting point H mL Unit Joule / Kg
and cal / gm
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The latent heat of ice 80 cal/gm 336103
J/kg Latent heat of vaporisation The latent
heat of vaporisation of a substance is defined as
the quantity of heat required to convert 1kg of
the substance from liquid to vapour state without
change of temperature at its boiling point H
mL Latent heat of water 536 cal/gm 2250103
J/kg
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• Transmission of heat
• There are three types of transmission of heat
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• 1) Conduction By this process heat is
  transferred from one place to another by the
  particles vibrations of the substance but these
  particles do not leave their occupied position
• e.g Conductor(metal, acidic water,
• human body) etc

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• 2) Convection In this process heat is
  transmitted in the substance by transfer of
  molecules of the substance and thus a current due
  to the molecules transfer is generated which is
  called convectional current
• Specially in liquid and gas heat is transmitted
  by the process of convection and as molecules of
  solid are not free to move, so heat can not be
  transmitted in solid by the process of convection

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3) Radiation In this process there is no need of
any medium for the transmission of heat, while in
conduction and convection a medium is necessarily
needed Thermal radiation is an electromagnetic
wave which can transmit even in vacuum e.g heat
energy from the sun is a best example of
radiation process
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Difference between thermal radiation and light
radiation Thermal radiation (heat radiation) and
light radiation(optical radiation) both have the
same form of radiant energy and the difference
between them is a difference of frequency or
wavelength Sources of thermal radiation any
hot body maintained at a constant temperature may
serve as a source of thermal radiations. The
earliest source was leslie cube but nowadays Fery
and Wiens blackbody are used mostly
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