Overview of EPAs Clean Fuel

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Overview of EPAs Clean Fuel Vehicle Programs

• CAI-Asia Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in
  Asia

John Guy US EPA Office of Transportation
and Air Quality
Manila, Philippines May 22-23, 2006
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Presentation Overview

• Transportation the Economy/Environment
• Some EPA Roadmaps
• EPA Clean Fuel Vehicle Programs

• Need for Fuel Sulfur control
• Projections for the Clean Fuel and Vehicle
  Programs
• Diesel PM NOx Reductions
• Benefits
• Costs Benefits

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Transportation and the Economy
Source U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Transportation Statistics
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Inclusive Process

• Careful cost and benefit analysis
• Industry, state, environmental, emission control
  stakeholders at the table
• Temporary provisions and transitional allowances
  as needed
• Development of new industry emission control
  companies

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Transportation and the Environment Emission
Trends
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Growth In TransportationOffsets Gains from
Cleaner Vehicles
Source U.S. Department of Transportation
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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Past Fuel Standards
1974
Unleaded Gasoline
Gasoline Sub-Sim
1980
Gasoline Summer RVP Limits (9.0 and 7.8)
1991
Winter Oxyfuels Program (39 cities)
1992
Highway diesel fuel sulfur control (500 ppm)
1993
Phase 1 RFG and Anti-dumping
1995
Gasoline Detergent Additives
1995
Fuel and Fuel Additives Registration
Prohibition on lead
1996
Phase 2 RFG
2000
Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT1)
2002
Tier 2 Gasoline Sulfur Control (30 ppm avg, 80
cap)
2004
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New Fuel Standards
2006
Ultra-low Sulfur Highway Diesel Fuel (15 ppm)
Nonroad, Locomotive and Marine Diesel Fuel (500
ppm)
2007
Ultra-low Sulfur Nonroad Diesel Fuel (15 ppm)
2010
MSAT2 (Gasoline benzene)
2011
Ultra-low Sulfur Locomotive and Marine Diesel
Fuel (15 ppm)
2012
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Highway Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs
HWY
10/1993
06/2006
01/2010
NR
All Highway 15 ppm
6/2007
6/2010
6/2014
6/2012
gt80 15 ppm
Highway Diesel 500ppm
All Diesel 3400 ppm
NR 15 ppm
lt20 500 ppm
NR, LM Diesel 500 ppm
LM 500 ppm
LM 15ppm
All Off-Highway Diesel 3400 ppm
Small Credit 500 ppm
Small Credit 3400
Small 15 ppm
HHF 3400ppm
HHF 3400ppm
This figure is intended to illustrate the
timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel
fuel sulfur control programs. It is not
drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80
for specific program dates.
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EPA Clean Fuel Vehicle Programs

• Tier 2 Standards (1999 rulemaking)
• Gasoline sulfur control (30 ppm avg / 80 ppm max,
  2006 for most refiners)
• 77-95 lower light-duty vehicle standards
  (beginning in 2004)
• Same standards for light trucks and cars
  gasoline and diesel
• Heavy-Duty 2007 Standards (2000 rulemaking)
• Diesel sulfur control (15 ppm maximum, beginning
  in June 2006)
• 90 lower heavy-duty gasoline diesel vehicle
  standards
• PM filter forcing standards, NOx catalyst based
  standards
• Nonroad Tier 4 Standards (2004 rulemaking)
• Diesel sulfur control (2 steps - 500 ppm in 2007,
  15 ppm in 2010)
• 90-95 lower emission standards - based on
  highway technology
• Diesel Retrofit (ongoing)
• Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel enables diesel PM
  retrofits
• Realize substantial air quality and health
  benefits earlier
• Locomotive and Marine Diesel Standards
  (rulemaking in process)

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Why Focus on Sulfur?Some Data On Fuel Effects
PM
Percent improvement in NOx and PM
NOx
ultra-low sulfur enabled technologies
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Need for Fuel Sulfur Control

• Sulfur is a catalyst poison
• Removing sulfur, much like removing lead from
  gasoline, allows for maximum catalyst efficiency
• Reductions in fuel sulfur provide immediate PM
  reductions
• Tier 2 / Low Sulfur Gasoline
• New Tier 2 vehicles have near zero running
  emissions
• Existing vehicles see significant improvement
  from the new fuel
• Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (Highway and
  Nonroad)
• Enables PM filters that can eliminate 99 of
  carbonaceous PM
• Enables advanced NOx catalysts giving 90
  reductions
• Immediate benefits from in-use fleet

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Enabling Near Zero Emission Levels
Source Corning Inc.
Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters (CDPFS) can
eliminate 99 of solid particles (soot
metals) can eliminate gt90 of semi-volatile
hydrocarbons
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Clean Fuel and Vehicle Programs Diesel PM
Reductions
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Clean Fuel and Vehicle Programs NOx Reductions
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Benefits of Clean Fuel Vehicle Programs
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Costs Benefits of Clean Fuel Vehicle Programs
cost
Total Cost 11 billion Total Benefits 175
billion
Tier 2 Light-duty Highway
benefit
2007 Heavy-duty Highway
Tier 4 Nonroad
0
20
40
60
80
100
Billion Annually in 2030
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Estimated Refiner Capital Per-Gallon Costs
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It All Starts with Clean Fuels
Clean Air
Clean Vehicles
Clean Fuels

• Around the world, people are increasingly exposed
  to substantial public health hazards posed by
  diesel gasoline vehicles
• The solution is in clean fuels and clean vehicles
  remove the sulfur to enable PM and NOx
  catalysts
• Clean fuels also open the door for retrofits to
  accelerate benefits and prove-out new technologies

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For More Information...

• Contact John Guy
• phone [phone]
• e-mail guy.john_at_epa.gov
• Tier 2 / Gasoline Sulfur information
• http//www.epa.gov/otaq/tr2home.htm
• Highway and Nonroad diesel information
• http//www.epa.gov/diesel/

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Desulfurization Technology Cost Analysis
Methodology

• Desulfurization technology projections
• Gasoline
• Rulemaking assumed fixed bed, catalytic
  distillation and adsorption technologies
• Some are now also considering membrane technology
• Diesel Fuel
• Conventional technology for nearly all 15 ppm
  highway diesel fuel
• Advanced technology for a large percentage of 15
  ppm NRLM diesel fuel
• Cost analysis methodology
• Gasoline
• Based on 30 ppm sulfur average at refinery gate
• Assumed new grassroots units for all refineries
• Diesel fuel
• Based on 7 ppm sulfur average at refinery gate
• Assumed 80 revamped units / 20 new grassroots
  units