Title: The Century of Revolution: from the French Revolution 1789 to the 1848 Revolution
1The Century of Revolution from the French
Revolution (1789) to the 1848 Revolution
HIS1104 Tradition and Transformation in Western
History
2The French Revolution?????
- Leo Gershoy, The Era of the French Revolution
1789-1799 Ten Years that shook the world - R. R. Palmer, A History of the Modern World
- R. R. Palmer, The World Revolution of the West
Political Science Quarterly LXIX (1954), pp.
1-14. - R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic
Revolution a Political History of Europe and
America, 1760-1800
3The Rise of Modern Europe
- Historical background
- Age of Faith ? Age of Reason ?
- Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution ?
compass, gunpowder, printing, navigation
discovery of the world commercial revolution,
industrial revolution - ? Age of Enlightenment
- expansion
4The Rise of Modern Europe
- The French Revolution (1789-1799) And the
Napoleon Wars (1792-1815) overthrown the old
order (Ancien Regime the Ancient Regime) - Bourgeoisie vital role
5French Revolution Direct and Immediate cause
- French Revolution, direct and immediate
causefinance - 18th c commercial, agricultural, industrial
development - France the centre of the enlightenment
- ? leading force in Europe
- ? revolution
6R. R. Palmer French Revolution
- 1760s-1848
- (or Atlantic civilization)
- Age of Democratic Revolution of one a series of
democratic revolution - French Revolution US Independence 1760with
similar principles
7French Revolution Political Revolution?
- French Revolution, Political revolution with
mission - fraternity, liberty, equality
- Consequence a series of revolutions thoughts
- Napoleon wars,
- 1830,
- 1848
- Liberalism
- Nationalism
- Romanticism
8Ancien Regime
- estates ????
- ??
- 1st priests
- 2nd nobles 1-3 (privileged) ? (tax)
- 3rd others (bourgeoisie) 97
9Ancien Regime
- 17th 18th c industrial commercial development
? - Louis 14th
- ? d. 1714 after me, the flood
- Louis 15th (r. 1715-74)(5yrs. old)(1710-74)
- ?
- Louis 16th (1754-93)(r. 1774-92) sincere, family
man - 1770 married Marie Antoinette (1755-93) Austrian
princess the Austrian women - luxurious
10Intellectual Background
- France enlightenment centre
- philosophers
- John Lock ????
- Montesquieu??????
- Rousseau????
- Voltaire?????
- ? French Revolution
- natural right, limited government???
11Unfair Taxation System in France
- e.g.US Independence, 1776
- expensive
12Unfair Taxation System
- 1730-1780 inflation 65?
- But wages 22?
- bread ?
- ? July 14, 1789 Bastille riots by mobs
- Marseillaise??????National Anthem?
- August 27
- Declaration of the Rights of Man
- We are born free equal
- natural right
- French Revolution spirit achievement
13The French Revolution
- Flags red, white, blue
- Representing fraternity????, equality????,
liberty???? - September 21, 1792 Louis 16th abdicated
- December 11 Louis Capet trial at court
- January 15, 1793 guilty
- 721???
- -31 absent
- -11 abstained
14Reign of Terror
- January 16
- 361 vs 360 death penalty
- January 21 guillotine (???)
- ?Republic
- Reign of Terror until the rise of Napoleon
15Napoleon Bonaparte
- b. 1769 (August 15)
- Corsica (Italy)
- May, 1768 sold to France
- 1779-84 military school, but good at history
maths. - Military genius (gifted)
- 1796 married Josephine (1763-1714)
16Napoleon Bonaparte
- military genius (success)
- Europe almost unified
- Spreading of revolution ideals
- Revolution enthusiasm ? pushing Napoleon
- Enlightened despotism revolutionary emotion
Napoleons life career - Leon Tolstoy?????? peace war ???????
17Napoleon Bonaparte
- defender of the New Order
- yet, enlightened despot.
- work hard 18 hrs/ day
- seldom sleep
18Napoleon Bonaparte
- May 18, 1804 Napoleon Emperor of the French
- December 2 coronation by himself at Nortre Dame
Cathedral - Charlemagne
19Napoleon Bonaparte
- Internal
- Finished the riots, return to order
- Code Napoleon (1804-10)
- education
- elder brother Joseph 1807
- ?Naples then 1808
- ?Spain
20Napoleon Bonaparte
- younger brother Louis ? Netherland (Holland)
Jeromy ?Westphalia - younger sister Caroline ? Queen of Naples (1808)
- BUT, was defeated by the British Navy (Admiral
Nelson) - ? Continental system milk
- unsuccessful
- 1812?invasion to Russia
- winter Moscow
- 1813 Br. (Wellington)
- ?Prussia
- 1814 Leipzig
- ?Exile to Elba
- then, Hundred Days (March 20-June 29)
21Napoleon Bonaparte
- but Waterloo June 18,
- Br. Wellington
- Prussia
- Rain, Fate ?
- ?
- Saint Helena (Africa) d. 1821
22The Vienna Settlement, 1815
- The Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
- political restoration
- remaking of Europe (legitimacy)
- compensation
23The Vienna Settlement, 1815
- Conservatism
- liberalism
- nationalism
- 1919 Paris Peace Conference
- Vienna 1814-15 ? 1919
- ?longer peace, more well-balanced, stability
until 1848
24The Vienna Settlement, 1815
- constructive peace treaty, successful
- until World War I, Europe, no big wars most
influential diplomatic agreement - France --- lenient
- ?France not hostile
- ( 1919 Germany)
25Concert of Europe ?????
- Metternich Era, 1815-1849
- Henry Kissinger, The World Restored
- (PhD)
- Representatives
- Metternich (Austria)
- Castlereagh ( Wellington) (Britain)
- Nesselrode (Czar Alexander I)
- Hardenberg (Prussia)
- Talleyrand (France)
- diplomat ???? ????
26Metternich (Austria)
- conservative hardliner
- Against democracy
- ???????Austria Empire
- ?Austria multi-races
- ?French Revolution???? ????
- Change leads not to salvation, not to progress,
but to perdition. - If you change anything, youll upset
everything. - status quo
27Metternich Era (1815-48)
- Metternich born aristocrat
- 1806 as Ambassador to France
- French Revolution terrorism, anarchism
28Austria
- Austria conservatism
- Not suited for nationalism/ liberalism
- ?multi-races ? Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats,
Romanians, Poles, Germans, Hungarians,
Austrians - ( poor peasants)
- Austria USA
- Metternich Henry Kissinger ? PhD The World
Restored
29Metternichs Ideas
- ? international, intervention
- Best solution
- Concert of Europe
- i.e. regular meetings to settle problems
- Nov. 20, 1815
- Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia?Quadruple
Alliance, Vienna Settlement for 20 years
30The Congresses
- 1st Congress 1818 at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)
- Withdraw troops in France
- Fr. Quad.
- ? Quintuple Alliance
- 2nd (1820) at Troppau
- 3rd (1820) at Laibach
- 4th (18220 at Verona
31Foreign Minister of Britain
- Br. Foreign minister
- Castlereagh on August 3, 1822 committed suicide
- George Canning (1770-1827) Splendid Isolation
- ?Br. withdrew
-
32Britain
- Canning, I called the New World into existence
to redress the balance of the old. - Br. supported US President Monroe
- December 2, 1823 Monroe Doctrine (????)
- September, 1815 (Czar Alexander I Russia)
- Holy Alliance (innocent)
- Austria, Prussia etc.
- a high- sounding nothing
- a piece of sublime mysticism nonsense
33Czar Alexander I (Russia)
- Innocent, unstable
- shifty Byzantine
34Castereagh (Britain)
- Traditional balance of power
- balance of power
- (equilibrium)
35Castereagh (Britain)
- balance of power theory
- Hegel ???
- Thesis,??
- Antithesis,??
- Synthesis?
36- 1815 Vienna Settlement
- Metternich Era (Austria)
- ?
- 1848
- 1852 Napoleon III (France)
- ?
- 1870
- 1871 (the end of an era)
- Unification of Italy
- Unification of Germany
37New Balance of Power
- nationalism, new imperialism, social Darwinism
(the survival of the fittest), Marxism, alliance
system (2 armed camps)? World War I, 1914 -
- Germany 300s?39states
- Italy?9states
- Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany,
Piedment, Sardinia, Naples, Sicily Papal
38New Imperialism
- ( ancient Athens mainly military16th , 17th
commercialNOW industrial economic) - 1870-1914 ??????????
- e.g. expansion, Br.
- France, Netherland, Portugal, Italy
- colonies ---Africa, Asia
- (raw materials) ( markets)
- God (religious mission)
- Gold (greed)
- Glory (military)
39New Imperialism
- Lenin, Imperialism the Highest Stage of
Capitalism (c1916) - Exploitation of the poor (proletariat)
- Joseph Schumpeter, The Sociology of Imperialism
40New Imperialism
- E. M. Winslow
- social Darwinism
- Charles Darwin, Survival of the fittest
- Translation in Chinese (?? ??????,????????????)
- Hernert Spenser, Illustrations of Universal
Progress (1865), - The Principles of Sociology (1885),
- comments (1902)